FHS 213

What is the ecological model

• A theory that explains how a person's development is influenced by different environments and relationships around them

individual

Personal characteristics of person Age, [personalily, race

Microsystem

The people and environments the persona interacts with directly friends, family, school, work

MEso system

The connections between parts of the microsystem a parent talking to a sdchool techer

Exosystem

setting that indirectly affect the person parents workplace, community resources

Macrosystem

The larger cultural vaules and laws cultural norsm, racism, gender expectation

Chronosystem

changes and events over times divorce, historcal evetns

Spillover hypothesis

The idea that emotions ans stress from one relationship or environment effect another A parent who is stressed from work is less patient with their child at home

Risk factors

Thins that increase the chnace of negative outcomes poverty, abuse, subtance use

protective factors

Things that reduce risk and help resilience healthy friendshsips, therapy stable routines

Internalizing behaviors

problems directed inwards anxiety depression withdrawl

externalizing behviors

problems directed outwards agression, fighting, rulebreaking

Bidirectionailty

the idea that parents and children influences eachother

four parenting subtypes

Authoritative, authoritiorna, permissive, neglectful

Authoritative

high warmth and high control, often linked to the best child outcomes

1. Supportive

2. Sets rules 

3. Encourages independence

Authoritarian

low warmth and high control, fearfulness or rebellion

1. Strict

2. Punishment focused

3. “Because I said so”

Permissive

high warmth and low control, difficulty with self-control

1. Very lenient

2. Few rule

Neglectful

low warmth, low control, attachment, and behavioral problems

1. Emotionally distant 

2. Little supervision

Types of attachement

Secure, anxious, avoident, disorganized

Secure Attachment

The child feels safe and trusts the caregiver The child is upset when the parent leaves and calms when they return

Anxious attachment

Ambivalent attachment: child is clingy and unsure if caregiver will meet needs

1. The child becomes very distressed and difficult to comfort

Avoidant attachment

the child avoids the caregiver emotionally

1. The child does not seek comfort from the parent

Disorganized attachment

confused or fearful behavior toward the caregiver

1. Linked to trauma and abuse 

Types of abuse

Physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect

Labeled praise

•  specific praise that names the behavior

  • “Great job sharing your toys.”

  • Helps children know their behavior is positive

Unlabeled praise

•  general praise

  • “Good job”

  • Less specific and less effective for behavior learning

Implicit bias

• unconscious attitudes or stereotypes

  • Automatically assuming someone is dangerous because of stereotypes

Explicit bias

• conscious beliefs or prejudice

  • Openly stating discriminatory beliefs 

The four horsemen of the apocolyapse

Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

Criticism

attacking the person instead of the behavior

1. “You never do anything right.”

Contempt

mocking, disrespect, or insults

1. Eye-rolling or sarcasm

Defensiveness

refusing responsibility and making excuses

1. “It's not my fault.”

Stonewalling

shutting down or ignoring the other person

1. Walking away during conflict

Individual risk factors

• Difficult temperament

• Mental health struggles

• Substance use

Microsystem risk factors

• Family conflict

• Abuse or neglect

• Bullying

Mesosystem risk factors

• Poor communication between parents and teachers

• Conflict between family and peers

Exosystem risk factors

• Parent unemployment

• Unsafe neighborhoods

• Lack of healthcare access

Macrosystem

• Rasicm 

• Poverty

• Unequal policies or laws

Chronosytem risk factor

• Divorce

• Death of a family member or friend

• Economic recession

individual protective factors

• Good self-esteem, Positive identity

• Academic success

microsytem protective factors

• Supportive parents

• Positive friendships

• Safe schools

mesosystem protective factors

• Strong parent-teacher communication

• Family involvement in the community

exosystem protective factors

• Access to healthcare

• Community programs

• Safe neighborhoods

macrosystem protective factors

• Anti-discriminatory polices

• Cultural pride

• Social support systems

chronosytem protective factors

• Stable life transitions 

• Positive adaptations

what are factors that contribute to stress for new parents?

Sleep deprivation

Financial stress

Relationship conflict

Lack of support

Balancing work and child care

What functions do siblings have on children’s development?

• Teach social skills 

• Emotional support

• Role modeling

• companionship

how do family roles impact the individual and the family

•  these can affect identity, stress, and relationships

  • Caregiver

  • Peacemaker

  • Problem child

how do unwritten rules impact individuals and the family

• These shape communication and behavior patterns

  • “Don't talk about feelings.”

  • “Always respect adults.”

  • “Keep family problems private.”

What is the coercive cycle

• Child misbehaves.

• Parent responds harshly.

• Child escalates behavior.

• Parent gives in or becomes more aggressive.

• Both learn that negative behavior gets results.

what is the postive behavior cycle

• Child behaves appropriately.

• Parent notices and praises behavior.

• Child feels supported.

• Positive behavior increases.

• Relationship improves.

Risk factor for divorce

• High parental conflict

• Financial stress

• Frequent moves/school changes

• Poor parent-child relationships

protective factors for divorce

• Low conflict between parents

• Consistent routines

• Strong parent-child relationships

• Social support from family, friends, and school

What is substance use disorder

• Continued use despite harmful consequences.

• Loss of control over use.

What is substance use disorder not

• Simply using a substance occasionally.

• A moral failing or lack of willpower.