CH 4 PART 2- Skeletal System Pathologies and Fractures

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering skeletal disorders, bone tumors, fracture types, healing stages, and spinal injuries based on lecture notes.

Fibrous Dysplasia (FD)

A rare, non-hereditary skeletal disorder where normal bone is replaced by fibro-osseous tissue, often presenting with a ground-glass appearance on radiographs.

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS)

A condition involving polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia associated with endocrine abnormalities and café-au-lait skin pigmentation.

Shepherd's crook deformity

A varus deformity of the proximal femur that is a characteristic finding in polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia.

Ischemic Necrosis of Bone

Also known as Osteonecrosis or Avascular Necrosis (AVN), it is the loss of blood supply leading to bone cell death and structural collapse, commonly affecting the femoral head.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

A juvenile form of idiopathic femoral head necrosis typically occurring in boys between the ages of $4-8$ years.

Crescent sign

A radiographic finding in later stages of Ischemic Necrosis indicating subchondral bone collapse.

Osteochondroma

The most common benign bone tumor, characterized by a cartilaginous cap covered by periosteum, usually arising near the metaphysis.

Enchondroma

A benign intramedullary cartilage tumor most common in the hands and feet, often displaying a "rings and arcs" calcification pattern on radiographs.

Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)

A benign but locally aggressive osteolytic tumor that commonly affects the epiphysis of long bones in adults aged $20-45$.

Osteoma

A benign, slow-growing bone tumor composed of mature bone most commonly found in the craniofacial skeleton, such as the paranasal sinuses.

Osteoid Osteoma

A benign bone-forming tumor that causes night pain relieved by aspirin and is characterized by a radiolucent nidus.

Simple Bone Cyst

Also known as a Unicameral Bone Cyst, it is a fluid-filled cavity within bone commonly appearing in the proximal humerus or femur of children.

Fallen fragment sign

A radiographic hallmark of a Simple Bone Cyst indicating a fracture fragment that has fallen into the fluid-filled cavity.

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)

A benign, vascular bone tumor characterized by blood-filled cavities and fluid-fluid levels on MRI.

Bone Island (Enostosis)

A benign sclerotic lesion of compact bone within cancellous bone, showing "thorny radiations" on a radiograph.

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Also known as Osteosarcoma, it is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, characterized by the production of osteoid matrix by malignant cells.

Sunburst pattern

An aggressive periosteal reaction often seen on radiographs in cases of Osteogenic Sarcoma.

Chondrosarcoma (CS)

A malignant bone tumor characterized by the production of cartilaginous matrix, typically affecting adults over age $40$.

Ewing Sarcoma

A highly aggressive malignant bone tumor common in children aged $10-20$, associated with the EWSR1 gene and an "onion-skin" periosteal reaction.

Multiple Myeloma (MM)

A malignant disseminated plasma cell disorder of the bone marrow characterized by monoclonal protein production and punched-out lytic lesions.

CRAB Criteria

A diagnostic mnemonic for Multiple Myeloma consisting of Calcium elevation, Renal dysfunction, Anemia, and Bone lesions.

Greenstick fracture

An incomplete fracture where one side of the cortex is broken and the other remains intact, commonly seen in children.

Comminuted fracture

A type of fracture where the bone is shattered into more than two fragments.

Avulsion fracture

A fracture where a small fragment of bone is pulled away by the tension of an attached ligament or tendon.

Hematoma Formation

The first stage of fracture healing occurring within hours to days, where ruptured blood vessels form a clot.

Soft Callus Formation

The second stage of fracture healing lasting approximately $2-3$ weeks, where fibroblasts and chondroblasts produce fibrous tissue and cartilage.

Hard Callus Ossification

The third stage of fracture healing occurring at $3-6$ weeks, where endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with woven bone.

Battered Child Syndrome (BCS)

Non-accidental injuries in a child, traditionally identified by multiple fractures at different stages of healing and subdural hematomas.

Colles' Fracture

A transverse fracture of the distal radius with dorsal displacement, often resulting from a fall on an outstretched hand.

Monteggia Fracture

A fracture of the proximal ulna accompanied by the dislocation of the radial head.

Galeazzi Fracture

A fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation or subluxation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).

Jones Fracture

A transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal, known for poor healing due to limited blood supply.

Jefferson's Fracture

A burst fracture of the atlas (C1 vertebra) resulting from axial loading, often seen in diving accidents.

Hangman's Fracture

Bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis of the axis (C2 vertebra), typically caused by hyperextension and axial loading.

Clay Shoveler's Fracture

An avulsion fracture of the spinous process, most common at the C6, C7, or T1 levels.

Chance Fracture

Also known as a Seat Belt Fracture, it is a flexion-distraction injury causing a horizontal fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements.

Scoliosis

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine greater than $10^\text{o}$, often diagnosed during adolescence.

Spondylolysis

A defect or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis of a vertebra, often identified by the "Scottie dog" sign on oblique radiographs.

Spondylolisthesis

The forward slippage of one vertebra over the one beneath it, commonly occurring at L4-L5 or L5-S1.

Complete fracture

results in discontinuity between two or more fragments

Incomplete fracture

causes only partial discontinuity- portion of cortex remains intact

Simple fracture

bone broken in one place

Transverse fracture

runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone- most commonly results from a direct blow or is a fracture within pathologic bone

Closed fracture

skin intact over broken bone

Segmental fracture

segment of shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of fracture

Open (compound) fracture

bone protrudes through skin, high infection risk

Displaced fracture

bone fragments misaligned

Undisplaced fracture

bone fragments remain aligned

Oblique fracture

runs a course of about 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone and is caused by angulation or angulation and compression forces

Butterfly Fragment

Elongated triangular fragment of cortical bone generally detached from two other larger fragments

Compression Fracture

results from compression force that causes compaction of bone trabeculae- results in decreased length or width of a portion of bone

Depressed Fracture

occur in the skull or tibial plateau

Spiral Fracture

occurs due to a twisting motion, resulting in a fracture line that resembles a corkscrewthat encircles the bone. This type of fracture is commonly seen in sports injuries or accidents.

Stress Fracture

small crack or severe bruising within a bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse rather than a single traumatic event- common in weight bearing bones of the lower leg and foot

Scaphoid (Navicular) Fracture

most common carpal bone fracture, from falling on outstretched hand, wrist forced into hyperextension (FOOSH)

Boxer’s Fracture

break of the neck of the 5th metacarpal bone (just below the knuckle), caused by punching a hard object

Shoulder Dislocation

occurs when the humeral head is displaced from the glenoid fossa- 95% are anterior dislocations