USABO Chapters 1-5/AP Bio Unit 1 Extremely Extensive and Detailed (copy)

Contains terms from both, (Both) means that this flashcard is important for both things, and (USABO only) means just for USABO it is not necessary for AP Bio. Here are the chapter marks. Chapter 1: (1-13) Chapter 2: (14-64) Chapter 3: (65-121) Chapter 4: (122-165) Chapter 5: (166-305)

What makes something living (7 answers) (USABO only but you can do it if your in AP Bio)

Order, Energy Processing, Growth and Development, Response to Stimuli, Evolution, and the ability to reproduce

Definition of Reductionism

Reducing a complex large topic, idea, or system into smaller more manageable chunks to understand.

Definition of Feedback Regulation

The output or product of a process where the output regulates that process

Function for Feedback Regulation (USABO only)

x(old) = f(g(x(new)))

Definition of Negative Feedback (Both)

A loop where the response reduces the stimulus

Definition of Positive Feedback (Both)

Where the output increases the initial stimulus

Definition of Taxonomy (Both)

systematic classification of living things

Acronym for Taxonomy (Both)

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

Every Type of Domain (Both)

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota

Every Kingdom (Both)

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Fungae, Protistae, and Animalia

Definition of Science (Both)

Way of using the scientific method to understand how things work

Definition of Quantitative Data (Both)

Data using numbers, graphs, facts, and tables

Definition of Qualitative Data (Both)

Data using recorded descriptions

Definition of Matter (Both)

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Definition of an Element (Both)

Substance of one type of atom that can’t be broken down into other types of atoms

Definition of Compound (Both)

A substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio

What Percent of Elements are Essential for Life (USABO only)

20-25%

Definition of Trace Elements (Both)

Elements that are required by an organism in minute quantities

Definition of an Atom (Both)

Smallest unit of matter that retains the property of an element

Definition of Subatomic Particles (Both)

Bits of matter that make up atoms without the properties of an element

3 Main Subatomic Particles (Both)

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Definition of Atomic Number (Both)

Amount of protons in an element that changes depending on the element

Definition of Atomic Mass Number (Both)

The total number of the protons and neutrons in an atom

What is a Dalton (Both)

Number by Tom Dalton that is the mass of a neutron and proton, around 1.7 × 10^-29

Definition of Atomic Mass (Both)

The total mass of an atom

Definition of an Isotope (Both)

A variation of an element that differs in the number of neutrons

What Is the most common carbon isotope and what percent of carbons does it make up (USABO)

Carbon 12, 99%

Definition of a Radioactive Isotope (Both)

An isotope with an unbalanced amount of neutrons to protons, causing the nucleus to decay spontaneously, which in turn causes proton decay, and the eventual change in the element

Definition of Radiometric Dating (USABO)

A method that measures ratios of isotopes to determine the age of something

Definition of Half Life (Both)

The amount of time it takes for the parent isotope to decay into 50% of the daughter isotope

Definition of Energy (Both)

The capacity to cause change or do work

Definition of Potential Energy (Both)

Energy that is capable of causing change

Are electrons stronger the further they are from the nucleus? Y or N (Both)

Yes

Definition of Valence Shell (Both)

The outermost electron shell

Use of Valence Shells (Both)

Atoms want to join to complete their valence shell, which has a maximum of 8 electrons, and it is used to predict bonds between atoms

Max Amount of Electrons in the First and Second Shell (Both)

2 and 8

What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (Both)

You cannot measure the momentum and position of an electron together, you cannot predict an electrons path to 100%

Orbital (Both)

Three dimensional space where an electron has a 90% chance of being

Numbers of Orbitals in the first shell and second shell (Both)

1 and 4

Type of Orbital in the first shell (Both)

1s

Types of Orbitals in the second shell (Both)

A large spherical orbit called 2s, and three dumbell shaped orbits called 2p

Definition of Chemical Bonds (Both)

The interlocking of atoms to form compounds by the shore or transfer of valence electrons in the valence shells

Definition of a Covalent Bond (Both)

A bond that shares valence electrons in two atoms to complete their shells

Definition of a Molecule (Both)

Two or more atoms bonded together

Definition of a Single Covalent Bond (Both)

Pair of shared electrons

Defintion of a Double Bond (Both)

Atoms sharing two pairs of valence electrons

Definition of Electronegativity (Both)

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

Definition of Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (Both)

Where the electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond are equal

Definition of Polar Covalent Bonds (Both)

Where the electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond are unbalanced, with one having more than the other, leading to an unequal sharing of electrons

Definition of Ionic Bonds (Both)

Bonds consisting between the differences of cations and anions

Definition of an Anion (Both)

An atom with a negative charge, meaning they have more electrons than protons

Definition of a Cation (Both)

An atom with a positive charge, meaning they have less electrons than protons

Definition of Hydrogen Bonds (Both)

the noncovalent attraction between a positive hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Do Nonpolar Bonds have a difference in charges: Y or N and why (Both)

Yes, because even small differences in electronegativity can cause a partial charge

Definition of Van der Waals Interactions (Both)

Randomness of nonpolar tiny charges in bonds that causes atoms to pack together

Two reptiles that usesVan der Waals Interactions to climb (reptile) (Both)

Geckos and Anoles

What does VSEPR Theory stand for (Both)

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Definition of VSEPR Theory (Both)

A model used to predict the positions of electrons in chemistry, saying that electrons want to avoid each other in specific angles

Definition of a Chemical Change (Both)

Changes in the breaking or making of a chemical bond, leading to changes in the composition of matter

Definition of Reactants (Both)

Things used before a reaction

Definition of Products (Both)

Things used after a reaction

Definition of the Law of Conservation of Mass (Both)

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed

Definition of the Law of Conservation of Energy (Both)

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Definition of Chemical Equilibrium (Both)

Where concentrations are stable at a spefici ratio

What causes hydrogen bonds in water? (Both)

Polar covalent bonds in water

What four properties of water allow it to support life (Both)

Cohesion and Adhesion, Universal solvent, Thermal Properties, and the smaller density of Ice

Definition of Cohesion (Both)

Hydrogen Bonds holding water molecules together

Definition of Surface Tension (Both)

A result of cohesion, a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

Definition of Adhesion (Both)

The clinging of one substance to another

How does water use adhesion? (Both)

Water uses adhesion because of it hydrogen bonds

How does cohesion and adhesion help water transport in plants (long answer doesnt have to be perfect just right idea) (Both)

The evaporation of water moves water up a plant stem or trunk through small conducting cells, which cause water to stick to each other because of cohesion, and the molecules don’t fall because of the polar walls of the cell, and this property is called adhesion.

Definition of Kinetic Energy (Both)

The Energy of Motion

Definition of Thermal Energy (Both)

The energy associated with reactions and movements of atoms or molecules

Definition of Temperature (Both)

The average kinetic energy in a body of matter regardless of volume and mass

What has more thermal energy, a pool at 50 degrees or a cup of coffee at a 120 degrees? (Both)

The Pool, thermal energy measures the total movement of atoms and molecules

Definition of Heat (Both)

Thermal energy in transfer from one body to another

What is a calorie? (Both)

A unit of measuring heat, the amount of heat it takes to heat up 1g of water by 1 degree celsius

What is a kilocalorie (Both)

The unit we use to measure energy in food, and the unit to measure heat, the amount of heat it takes to heat up a kg of water by 1 degree celsius

Specific Heat (Both)

Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for that substance to change by 1 degree celsius for 1 gram

Why is specific heat useful for life? 2 reasons (Both)

Large bodies of water can absorb large amounts of heat from the sun without boiling, and can control the temperatures of areas around them, and organisms can resist temperature changes because they are mostly made of water

Definition of Heat of Vaporization (Both)

Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted into a gas

Does water have a high heat of vaporization? (Both)

Yes, extremely high

Definition of Evaporative Cooling (Both)

When a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid becomes cooler because the hot molecules leave, and thus the temperature goes down

How is evaporative cooling important to life? (Both)

It contributes to the stability of the temperatures in bodies of water, animals use it to sweat, and others organisms use different methods to cool down (panting)

Is ice less dense than water and if yes then by what percent? (Both)

Yes, by around 9%

Why is ice less dense than water? (Both)

From 4 deg C. to 0 deg C. water starts to expand because the hydrogen bonds become rigid, causing them to form lattices where they bond to 4 molecules each, and the structure leaves empty spaces making ice about 10% less dense

Why is the density of ice important to life? (Both)

It prevents oceans from freezing solid, because ice creates a thick floating less dense sheet to insulate the water and organisms under it, and it provides habitats for polar creatures

Definition of Global Warming (Both)

the long term rise in Earth’s average temperature due to human acts and greenhouse gases

Definition of a Solution (Both)

Homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Definition of Solute (Both)

Substance that is being dissolved

Definition of Solvent (Both)

A liquid that substances are dissolved in

Definition of Aqueous Solution (Both)

Solution where water is the solvent

Why is water a great solvent? (Both)

The polarity of the water molecules allows it to attach to other polar molecules and ionic compounds or salts

Can water dissolve nonpolar molecules? Y or N (Both)

No

Definition of a Hydration Shell (Both)

A sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion or polar side

Definition of Hydrophilic (Both)

Substances with an affinity towards water

Are polar or nonpolar substances hydrophilic? (Both)

Polar

Definition of Hydrophobic (Both)

Substances that repel or “dislike” water

Are polar or nonpolar substances hydrophobic? (Both)

Nonpolar

Definition of Molecular Mass (Both)

Sum of the mass in a molecule