CH 5. Middle and Late Childhood

Developmental Psychology

esports

is a form of competition with the medium being video games

body mass index

expresses the relationship of height to weight (BMI) set by CDC

overweight

children whose BMI is art or above the 85th percentile for their age are considered overweight

obese

while children who at or above the 85tth percentile

oblivobesity

lack of recognition from parents that children are overwight or obese

concrete operational stage

7-11 children, piaget, involved mastering the use of logic in concrete ways, able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world

inductive reasoning

which is a logical process in which multiple premises believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion

classification

as children’s experiences and vocabularies grow, they build schemata and are able to organize objects in many different ways

identity

one feature of concrete operational though is the understanding that objects have qualities that do not change even if the object is altered in some way

reversibility

the child learns that some things that have been changed can be returned to their original state

conversation

concrete operational children can understand the concept of conservation, which means that changing one quality can be compensated for by changed in another quality

decentration

concrete operational children no longer focus on only on dimension of any object and instead consider the changes in other dimensions too, this allows for conservation to occur

seriation

arranging items along a quantitive dimension

mediation deficiency

occurs when a child does not grasp the strategy being taught, and thus, does not benefit from its use

production deficiency

the child does not spontaneously use a memory strategy and must be prompted to do so

utilization deficiency

refers to children using an appropriate strategy, but it fails to aid their performance

knowledge base

knowledge in particular areas that makes learning new information easier, expands

metacognition

refers to the knowledge we have about our own thinking and our ability to use their awareness to regulate our own cognitive processes

critical thinking

a detailed examination of beliefs, courses of actions, and evidence, involved teaching children how to think

fluency disorders

affect the rate of speech

stuttering

is a speech disorder in which sounds syllables or words are repeated or last longer than normal

articulation disorder

refers to the inability to correctly produce speech sounds because of imprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed, or flow of movement of the lips, tongue, or throat

disorders of the voice

involve problems with pitch, loudness, and quality of the voice

general intelligence factor (g)

construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common

stanford-binet intelligence test

measure of general intelligence made up of a wide variety of tasks, including vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands

specific intelligence (s)

a measure of specific skills in narrow domains

triarchic (three-part) theory of intelligence

that proposes that people may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence adn practical intelligence

analytical intelligence

focuses on academic problem solving and performing calculations

creative intelligence

the ability to adapt to new situations and create new ideas

practical intelligence

the ability to demonstrate common sense and street smarts

convergent thinking

thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem

divergent thinking

ability to generate many different ideas or solution to a single problem

expertise

creative people have studied and learned about a topic

imaginitive thinking

creative people view problems in new and different ways

risk taking

creative people take on new, but potentially risky approached

intrinsic interest

creative people take on projects for interest, not money

working in creative enviornments

the most creative people are supported, aided, and challenged by other people working on similar projects

autisitc savants

people who score low on intelligence tests overall but who nevertheless may have exceptional skills in a given domain

linguistic intelligence

the ability to speak and write well

logical mathematical intelligence

the ability to use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems

spatial intelligence

the ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions

musical intelligence

the ability to perform and enjoy music

kinesthetic (body) intelligence

the ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical actiivites

interpersonal intelligence

the ability to understand and interact effectively with others

intrapersonal intelligence

the ability to have insight into the self

naturalistic intelligence

the ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things

reliable

they are consistent over time

validity

they actually measure intelligence rather than something else

standardization

giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level

flynn effect

refers to the observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades

mental age

age at which a person is performing intellectually

intelligence quotient (IQ)

measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age

Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence tests for adults

intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) IQ

assessed based on cognitive capacity (IQ) and adaptive functioning

giftedness

refers to children who have an IQ of 130 or higher

learning disability (LD)

specific impairment of academic learning that interferes with a specific aspect of schoolwork and that reduces a students academic performance significantly

dyslexia

one of the most common diagnosed disabilities and involved having difficulty in the area of reading

dysgraphia

refers to writing disability that is often associated with dyslexia

Dyscalculia

refers to problems in math

attention-defecit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

shows a constant pattern of inattention and or/hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning

rehabilitation act of 1973, section 504

required individuals with disabilties be accommodated in any program or activity that receives federal funding

americans with disabilities act of 1990 (ADA)

the legislation also prohibited discrimination on the basis of disability

individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)

legislation focused on education than either section 504 or ADA

free appropriate education

an individual or an individuals family should not have to pay for education simply because of the individuals disability, education program should be truly educational

due process

in case of disagreements between an individual with a disability and the schools or other professionals, there must be procedures for resolving the disagreemnts that are fair and accessible to all parties

fair evaluation of performance in spite disability

tests or other evaluations should not assume test takign skills that a person with a disability cannot reasonably be expectedd to have

education in the least restrictive enviornment

education for someon eiwth a disability should provide as many educational opportunites and options for the person as possible

an individualized educational program

given that every disability is unique, instructional plannign for a person with a disabilit should be unique or individualized as well

self fulfilling prophecy

tendency to act in such a way as to make what you predict will happen actually come true

self concept

refers to beliefs about general personal identity

preconventional morality

prior to age 9

stage 1: focus is on self interest and punishment is avoided

stage 2: rewards are sought

conventional morality

older children, adolescenets and most adults

stage 3: focus is on how situational outcomes impact others and wanting to please and be accepted

stage 4: people make decisions based on laws or formalized rules

postconventional morality

rare with adolescents and few adults

stage 5: individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behvaiors

stage 6: moral behavior is based on self chosen ethical principles

normative expectations

focuses on conventional morality; that is, the emphasis is on a friend as someone who is kind and shares with you

empathy and understanding

friends are people who are logcal commited to the relationship, and share intimate infromaiton

momentary physical interaction

a friend is someone who you are playing with at this point in time, selman notes that this is typical of children between 3-6, early friendships based on circumstances (ex: neighbor)

one-way assistance

a friend is someone who does nice things for you, such as saving you a seat on the school bus or sharing a toy , do not always think about what theya re contributing to the relationships

fair weather cooperation

children are very concerned with fairness adn reciprocity and thus a friend is someone returns a favor , child does something nice for a friend there is an exception that the friend will do something nice for them

intimate and mutual sharing

between the ages of eight and fifteen a friend is someone who you can tell them things you woul dtell no one else

autonomous interdependence

friend is someone who accepts you and that you accept as they are

sociometric assessment

measures attraction between members of a group, such as clasroom students

popular children

receive many votes

rejected children

receive more unfavorable votes, and few favorable ones

controversial children

mentioned frequently in each category

neglected children

rarely mentioned in either category

average child

has a few positive votes with very few negative ones

popular prosocial

tend to do well in school adn are cooperative and friendly

popular-antisocial

may gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others

rejected withdrawn

these children are shy and withdrawn adn are easy targets for bullied because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled

rejected aggressive

are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational

bullying

defined as unwanted aggressive behavior among school aged children that involved a real or percepived power imbalance

verbal-saying/writing mean things, teasing, name calling, tauniting, threatening, or making inappropriate sexual comments

social- referred to as relational bullying, spreading rumors, excluding

physical- hurting a persons body or possessions

cyberbullying

which involved electronic technology