gross anatomy cns

what is a dendrite?

listening for signal

what is the soma?

decides what to do

processes information

what is an axon?

sends message to next cell

releases chemicals

what is the myleiin sheath

message travels faster

wraps around axon

what is the shape of the brain in the womb

nueral tube

what chemicals determine how your brain grows and folds

FGF,WNT, BMP

what are the 3 sections of brain in an infant

forebrain

midbrain

hindbrain

what is gyrification

wrinkles of the brain

large amount of nuerons in a small space

more surface area

what are the 3 layers of protection for the brain?

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

what is dura mater

outermost layer

what is the arachnoid mater

middle weblike layer

what is the pia mater

innermost layer

what is white matter

axons

tough

deeper

60%

what is grey matter

cell bodies

40%

What are the major events that occur to allow the neural tube to

develop into a brain? What type of signaling needs to occur in order

to achieve this?

(vitamin A)

neural plate tissue folding - neural fold- neural tube

Morphogenesis- (Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon)- into secondary

vesicles

How does cortical development occur? What structure does the cortical development emanate near?

-stem cell population located near the brain ventricles 

-migrate along radial glia to outer regions to develop cortex

Describe how cortical lamination occurs in discrete regions of the brain to result in differential radial unit architecture.

radial units process different soounds, shapes, colors, which have different communication

What is gyrification and why do some species have greater gyrification than others?

need to fold in radial rays

increase surface area

folds of the brain

what is the blood brain barrier?

filter that lets oxygen and nutrients from blood in

keeps germs out

what are the ventricles of the brain?

hollow space of brain

what are the ventricles filled with?

cerebrospinal fluid

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

acts as a cushion

washes away waste

what are the 4 lobes of the brain?

parietal

frontal

temporal

occipital

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

controls movement

knowing right from wrong

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

touch

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

sight

what is the function of temporal lobe?

hearing/ speech/ balance

what are the subcortical structures?

thalamus

hypothalamus

basal ganglia

what is the thalamus

relay station where all senses enter and get shut down

no smell

before senses enter cortex

what is hypothalamus

regulates temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep&wake

what are the basal ganglia

control body movments

what are nodes of ranviar

gaps between mylein sheath

makes data go faster

what is a somatic cell

exact same DNA as another one

ex: skin, neuron, liver cell

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

unabe to listen and understand words and can not fix random speech

What is a seizure and what are some of the causes of it?

random, unregulated electrical activities in the brain

caused by mutations of ion channels

can Spread from one region of the brain to another

What are the elements of the basal nuclei?

Caudate nucleus (pattern and rhythm of limb movement)

■ Putamen (subconscious muscle control),

■ Globus pallidus (regulates muscle tone via the thalamus)

what is the function of the caudate nucleus ?

pattern and rhythm of limb movement

what is the function of the putamen?

subconscious muscle control

what is the function of the globus pallidus?

regulates muscle tone through thalamus

What are the elements of the Diencephalon ?

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

what is the role of the thalamus in the the Diencephalon?

elay station for all sensory impulses

except smell.

what is the role of the hypothalamus in the the Diencephalon?

autonomic nervous and endocrine

systems; regulates homeostasis (temperature, hunger, sleep cycles).

what is the role of the epithalamus in the the Diencephalon?

Includes the Pineal Gland (circadian rhythms)

Habenular Nuclei (emotional responses to odors)

What is the role of the hippocampus?

short-term memories into long-term memories

What is explicit memory?

(Declarative) memory involves conscious recall of facts and events

What is implicit memory?

(Reflex) memory involves unconscious recall of motor skills and fear conditioning

What components comprise the brainstem?

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

What is the role of the midbrain?

reflex centers for vision

auditory stimuli

arm flexion

what are the parts of the mid brain?

superior colliculus

inferior colliculus

red nucleus

What is the role of the Pons?

Controls breathing 

smooths transition between inspiration and expiration

What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata?

cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers

controls swallowing and vomiting

What is the site of anger/aggression?

amygdala

What are the different regions of the limbic system? What is their role in emotional

regulation?

 Cingulate gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Olfactory bulbs

What is the Cingulate gyrus role in emotional regulation?

modifies behavior/emotion

What is the Parahippocampal gyrus role in emotional regulation?

recognizes scenery/sarcasm

What is the amyglada role in emotional regulation?

fear conditioning/emotion

What is the Hippocampus role in emotional regulation?

memory consolidation

What is the Olfactory bulbs role in emotional regulation?

linking smell to memory

What are some pathologies that can manifest if the limbic system operates in an aberrant

capacity?

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Alzheimer's Disease

what is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Amygdala destruction

docility

increased sex drive

placing objects in the mouth

what is Alzheimer's Disease?

cell death in the hippocampus due to Amyloid/Tau plaques

What is the role of the cerebellum?

 ipsilateral motor coordinator

correct errors with movement

What is the job of the vermis?

controls locomotion and posture

What is the job of the paravermis?

 corrects in the moment movement

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?

Maintains balance and controls eye movements

What is the role of the spinocerebellum?

Regulates muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movements

What is the role of the cerebrocerebellum?

Involved in the planning and initiation of voluntary activity