Thrust PPL ground 13 stage 3

human factors, aviation physiology, flight planning continued

pilots should adapt night vision by avoiding white lights for ___ mins prior to flying

30

blackhole effect

you can’t see anything at night while landing, and all you can see is the runway lights. Just generally dangerous

falling into the ground is called

CFIT (controlled flight into terrain)

sinus block—why is it bad for flying?

throws off coclear/visitibular system, harder to hear descending hurts more

UNCONTROLLED scuba diving waiting rules

under 8000ft, wait 12 hours

over 8000ft, wait 24 hours

CONTROLLED scuba diving waiting rules

wait 24 hours

if you fly with “the bends” after scuba diving you will…

basically blow up. your joints will feel like they are on fire. stay still.

IMAIR hazardous attitude resolutions

Impulsivity —take your time

Macho—don’t overestimate yourself

Anti-authority—follow the rules

invulnerability—it can happen to me

Resignation—there’s still hope

sunset to sunrise you need

ALL lights on

civil twilight

sun offset six degrees, used for logging night hours (30 mins before/after sunset/sunrise is a good estimate)

why is it easier to become hypoxic at night, and at what altitude?

5000ft, hypoxic hypoxia because your body is using more oxygen straining to see at night

gyroscopic procession

happens 90 degrees ahead of time

spiraling slipstream

corkscrew air yaws airframe to the left because it spirals and hits the tail

p-factor

different angle of attack of descending blade has a bigger bite

special VFR

1sm at controlled airspace and clear of clouds

can you do special VFR at night

NO!

1 hour after sunset, before sunrise is for

passenger currency (needed for preceeding 90 days)

say you are flying at 12,500 for 25 minutes, then dip down to 3000, then go back up. Does that 30 minute rule reset?

No, it’s cumulative—30 mins total in flight at 12,500 before requiring supplemental oxygen

____ is better than direct viewing at night

off center

how do you scan sky at night?

peripheral vision and continuous scanning. Change the position of your eyes and keep option visible

what chemical helps you see at night?

rhodopsin

are cones or rods responsible for night vision?

rods

rods are _____times more sensitive to light than cones

10,000

there’s a ____relating to rods in your fovea, so you need to look…(5-10 degrees)

blindspot, off center

what happens when you lose orientation to the horizon?

disorientation

how do you overcome disorientation?

avoid sudden head movements, rely on airplane instruments, use fixed visual ref points

illusions in flight

inversion

Coriolis

elevator

false horizon

leans

autokinesis

graveyard spiral

somatographic

inversion illusion

abrupt change from climb to straight and level, creates illusion of tumbling backwards

Coriolis illusion

turning so long the cochlear fluid settles, and any new movement makes it feel like youre on a different axis. leads to graveyard spiral

elevator illusion

abrupt upward vertical acceleration, like in an updraft, can make you feel like you’re in a climb

false horizon illusion

natural horizon is obscured, but you see some lights and think it’s the horizon (like a highway)

leans

sudden return to level flight after a turn causes pilot to lean in direction of last turn

autokinesis

staring at a single point of light, the light appears to move

graveyard spiral

pilot attempts to correct to straight and level by turning to wrong direction. Leads to CFIT (controlled flight into terrain). Result of Coriolis illusion

somaotographic

rapid acceleration creates a feeling of being nose up, or in a climb. result of acceleration illusion

upslope illusion

you think runway is too high so you come too low

downslope illusion

you think runway is too low so you come in high

wide runway illusion

you think you’re low and roundout high

narrow runway illusion

you think you’re high and roundout low

4 types of runway illusions

upslope/downslope, wide and narrow

hypoxia symptoms

headache, decreased reaction time, impaired judgment, euphoria, lightheadedness, cyanosis

at night you can feel hypoxic as early as ___ft

5500

hypoxic hypoxia

no oxygen in air—from high altitude, blocked airway, or drowning

hypemic hypoxia

CO poisoning, anemia, sickle cell fewer red blood cells. Body can’t transport sufficient oxygen. From faulty AC!!!! Land immediately and go to hospital—you could die hours or days later because the CO just says in your blood.

do you die from CO poisoning immediately?

no, you can die from CO poisoning 1-3 days AFTER exposure, because it says in your blood stream

stagnant hypoxia

oxygen rich blood in lungs or body isn’t moving. Ex. arm/legs fall asleep, pulling G forces

reding out

positive G pull—can burst blood vessels in eyes

blacking out

negative G pull

histotoxic hypoxia

cells can’t use oxygen, but it’s being carried around anyways. From drugs or alcohol

hypoxia recovery

descend to lower altitude, use supplemental oxygen

CO poisoning comes from _____ and presents as

AC, loss of muscle power, dizziness, tightness across forehead, loss of muscle power.

if you have CO poisoning when you land you should

seek medical attention ASAP (it can stay in your blood)

hyperventilation symptoms

hot and cold sensations, tingling in fingers, dizziness, numbness, nausea

what is hyperventilation? how do you fix it?

over-breathing. Excess CO2 exhaled from body. Breathe slower to retain CO2, talk aloud, breath into bag

your passenger is hyperventilating—how do you fix it?

hand them a checklist and ask them to read it for you

SRM

single pilot resource management

most common factor in aircraft accidents?

human error

human error accounts for____ percent of incidents

80%

most crashes happen during

take off and landing, within 5nm of airport

steps in SRM

aviate

navigate

communicate

in that order!

incident

an event, no damage. Ex. popped a tire on runway, pilot deviation

accident

crash, possible death, real damage

if someone is hospitalized within 48 hours of a crash you need to fill out a _______ and submit within ___ days

NTSB830 form, 7

define risk

adverse factors impacting flight

steps to manage risk

identify

assess

analyze control measures

make decision to continue, deviate, or cancel

implement your choice

supervise and review results

Decide model to manage risk

Detect

Estimate

Choose

Identify

Do

Evaluate

Use ____ to assess yourself

IMSAFE

Use _____ to assess flight go or no go

PAVE

SRM 5 Ps (same as NWKRAFT)

Plan

Plane

Pilot

Passengers

Programming

principles of risk

accept no unnecessary risk

make decisions appropriate to your experience

accept risk when benefits outweigh cost

Hazardous attitudes

Impulsivity

Macho

Anti-authority

Invulnerability

Resignation

FAA risk assessment tool (FRAT)

survey you can google to assess your own hazardous attitudes

How do promote situational awareness?

Sterile cockpit during taxi, take off, landing

sterile cockpit sign

finger up or hand slash in the air

most common way to enter CFIT?

disorientation

CRM

crew resource management

if you don’t close flight plan within ____ mins at a non-towered airport, ___ will happen

30 mins, search and rescue

when VFR flight plan is filed, it is helped until _____ after proposed dept time, After that they close it.

1 hour

where do you initiate flight plan?

on WXbrief site or phone number

if you cross ADIZ, you NEED a _______

defense identification zone, a flight plan!!

standardized international/VFR/IFR flight plan format comes from

ICAO

VFR flight following

ATC service, provided on workload permitting basis.

They do safety alerts, traffic advisories, and vectoring through busy airspace. They watch you the entire time on radar.

How do get flight following?

check chart sup, KADS uses ground freq, when enroute, ask approach or center. Provide tail number, destination, and attitude

Ex. “Addison ground, th555, request flight following to KGGG at 5,500.

Good idea for anywhere over 50nm