Blood and Bone Marrow

Flashcards for reviewing the lecture notes

The Blood

Fluid tissue (plasma) within cells move freely.

Bone marrow

Located in the spongy part of the bone, in which blood cells are formed: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Different types of blood

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Stem cells in the bone marrow

Capable of restoring an entire blood-forming system when needed.

Two different types of bone marrow

Red and yellow.

Yellow bone marrow

Made up mostly of fat cells.

Flat bones

Pelvis, sternum, cranium, vertebrae, scapulae.

Osteocytes

Bone cells that exist in the bone marrow, mainly the yellow bone marrow. Their shape is elongated and narrow, similar to bone fibers.

Adipocytes

Fat tissue cells, found mainly in the yellow bone marrow. Their shape is elongated and slightly rounded in the center.

Chondrocytes

Cartilage tissue cells, found mainly in the yellow bone marrow. They are round in shape.

Mesenchymal cells

The environment in which blood cells develop; found mainly in the yellow bone marrow.

Hematopoietic cells

Blood cells – are found primarily in the red bone marrow; develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Stroma

The supporting medium (as opposed to the parenchyma, which is the functional part). Made of some connective tissue. Forms an internal skeleton of a parenchymatous organ. Provides the right environment for development.

Hematopoietic cords

Areas containing blood cells in the developing stages.

Bone marrow biopsy

Cells are taken from the bone marrow for microscopic examination in a laboratory to diagnose problems or diseases related to the blood system and to monitor the patient's condition during or after treatment.

Functions of blood

Supply of food and oxygen, removal of waste materials, transmission of hormones, heat dissipation, maintaining osmotic pressure, and aiding the immune system.

Plasma Composition

Water, blood proteins, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes.

Plasma

Clear, yellowish fluid that flows through the blood vessels; makes up about 55% of the blood volume.

Serum

Plasma of the blood without clotting factors.

Purpose of solutes

Achieve homeostasis that provides pH and optimal osmolarity for cellular metabolism.

Anticoagulant

Prevents clotting; a clotting agent such as citrate or heparin is added to the blood immediately after administration.

Cellular part of the blood

99% are red blood cells, which lack a nucleus and carry the blood's hemoglobin.

CBC

Complete blood count; provide a calculated hematocrit value based on hemoglobin.

Hematocrit (HCT)

A measure of the volume of red blood cells relative to the total volume of a blood sample, expressed as a percentage.

Causes of high hematocrit

Dehydration, severe burns, shock, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretic therapy, smoking, bone marrow diseases, chronic lung diseases, heart disease, high altitudes.

Causes of low hematocrit

Anemia, bleeding, bone marrow diseases, chronic diseases, kidney diseases, chemotherapy and radiation, disorders in hemoglobin production, excess fluid, pregnancy.

Blood Cells

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Erythrocytes

Lack a nucleus and are biconcave disks; transfer O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to lungs.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Stimulates erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low.

Old/aging cells in the spleen

Identified by leukocytes (white blood cells) that swallow them--phagocytosis.

Fibrinoselin

The enzyme which dissolves blood clots

Function of Hemoglobin

Bind oxygen molecules in the lungs, undergo their transport in the bloodstream and their release into tissues.

Bohr Shift

Lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2; occurs because CO2 is produced during cellular respiration.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Also helps transport CO2 and assists in buffering. CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into the blood and is transported either in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions

Hemoglobin

Protein responsible for oxygen transport; composed of four subunits (globin + heme).

Heme

A porphyrin product containing iron in a reduced state (Fe+2); the oxygen is loosely bound to the iron.

Globin

Protein chains that vary between fetus and adult.

Hemoglobin HbA

α2B2. Common in adults, constitutes 96% of hemoglobin in the adult.

Hemoglobin HbA2

α2δ2 Constitutes 1.5% - 3% of total hemoglobin in an adult.

Hemoglobin HbF

α2γ2 Constitutes less than 1% of total hemoglobin in an adult; is the main hemoglobin in the fetus.

Hemoglobin H (HbH) disease

Caused by molecular defects in the genes encoding globin chains, resulting in decreased globin expression. Characterized by an excess of B chains and therefore by the accumulation of B tetramers.

Sickle cell disease

The erythrocytes are stiffer than normal and bind more to the surface of the epithelium, therefore the blood is more viscous and the erythrocytes pile up in small capillaries, so oxygen and nutrients do not reach the tissues.

Thalassemia

A group of hereditary diseases, which is mainly prevalent in the Mediterranean region.

Alpha thalassemia

Characterized by a defect in the alpha chain; mainly common in the Far East; can manifest as hemoglobin H (HbH) disease.

Beta thalassemia

Characterized by a defect in the beta chain; mainly common in the Mediterranean region. Characterized by a high level of a chains but they do not form tetramers: instead, they bind to the cell membrane of red blood cells and cause them damage.

Leukocytes – White Blood Cells

participate in protecting the body from pathogens; Granulocytes include Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes include Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

Low value - leukopenia

Indicates a problem with the immune system.

Blood smear test

A test that aims to help the doctor assess the normality and maturity of the various cells that make up the blood; can reveal findings that indicate increased destruction of red blood cells , disruption in the production of white blood cells, and more.

Platelets

Accumulate at the site of a broken or ruptured blood vessel, plugging the hole like a "plug" and secreting substances that promote healing of the damaged blood vessel

Megakaryocytes

Giant cells in the bone marrow that form blood platelets

Thrombocytopenia (caused by)

Problem with platelet production: viral infection, bone marrow problems, vitamin deficiency, effects of medications, etc. Increased platelet destruction: antibody production of antiplatelet autoantibodies, destruction of platelets in blood vessels during inflammatory disease Increased platelet consumption after serious injury or during a serious illnessIncreased destruction of platelets in the spleen

Abnormally high levels of platelets (Thrombocytosis)

Infections, inflammatory diseases, tumor diseases, iron deficiency. At very high levels of platelets in the blood, clots may form spontaneously in the body.

Blood clotting

forms solid lumps, blood clots. Clots are composed of red blood cells, platelets, and protein fibers, specifically the protein fibrin Blood clotting is an important mechanism by which the proper functioning of blood circulation is maintained and blood loss is prevented as part of the human body's homeostasis

Primary coagulation

rapid constriction of blood vessels/ Platelet activation - formation of a hemostatic plug/ Platelets + fibrin form an aggregate - permanent plug dissolving the clotSecondary coagulation

Clotting factors

The cascade enzymes that are used for enzymatic reactions

Coagulation factors

Becomes Thrombin and helps Fibrinogen become fibrin.

Intrinsic mechanism

When factor 12XII Activates the system as a result of local damage to the blood vessels

Factor VIII, Factor 9IX, Factor 11 XI, and Factor 12 XII

Factors that support coagulation

Extrinsic mechanism

Activation of Tissue thromboplastin and factor VII are required

Thrombus

A blood clot that forms spontaneously in a normal blood vessel and remains attached to the blood vessel wall

Anticoagulants

The insoluble protein fibrin by the enzyme plasmin is released

Fibrinolysis

Digestion of the insoluble protein fibrin by the enzyme plasmin

Antithrombin

Blocks the Thrombin effect

Leukemia

Blood cancer with malfunctioning cells and abnormal production

Thriving Cell - Blast

It has a very bright nucleus (indicating that the DNA is open) and a nucleolus (2 Characteristics of a cell in an active mitotic cycle

Acute Leukemia

Appears suddenly, worsens quickly/Quantity. The blasts increase rapidly, and the disease worsens in a short time.

Acute VS Myeloid

1) Lymphocytic leukemia - the cancer cell belongs to the line The lymphoid. 2) Myeloid leukemia - the cancer cell belongs to the line Myeloid

4 types of leukemia

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)/Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Usually in children. The blast is of the lymphocyte type, usually a B cell phenotype.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

This cancer that is Relatively mature, meaning that the cell The malignant cell resembles a normal cell and therefore cannot be diagnosed based on Morphology only.

Hairy Cell Leukemia - (CLL)

Overproduction of a certain type of lymphocyte.Hairy cells refers to protrusions on the surface of the white blood cells, which under microscopic examination look like ha

Leukemia

A group of malignant diseases characterized by the production of excessive amounts of certain types of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the bone marrow

Anemia

Low hemoglobin content in the blood or a lack of red blood cells that can carry hemoglobin, which causes poor oxygen supply to the body's tissues

Anemia symtoms

Tiredness, paleness, chills, shortness of breath, sensitivity to cold

Autologous

Bone marrow cell production transplant

Hypercoagulability

a condition in which the normal blood clotting mechanism is impaired and unwanted clots form that may block blood vessels.

Coagulation Defeciency

a condition in which internal and external bleeding is not stopped due to a defect in the blood clotting process/Hemophilia- a blood clotting disorder

Thrombosis

the formation of blood clots within normal (undamaged) blood vessels/This phenomenon stems from the high sensitivity of blood platelets to blood flow disturbances, which may be a source of medical problems as a result of the phenomenon of "unnecessary" blood clotting.Treatment of hypercoagulability

Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis

Virchow's Triad Triad/1. Stasis (immobility for a prolonged period of time - for example, on a long flight); 2. Injury to blood vessels (for example, following a fracture or hip replacement surgery or knee(; 3. Hypercoagulability (a familial syndrome that causes abnormal clot formation) blood

Iron deficiency anemia

excessive loss of iron due to bleeding, poor absorption of iron from food, or nutritional iron deficiency

Hemolytic Anemia

Increased destruction of red blood cells, due to toxic chemicals, autoimmune diseases, and parasites, especially in malaria.

Sickle Cell Anemia

an inherited disease in which the red blood cells take on a sickle shape/hemoglobin differs in one amino acid in the beta chains from normal hemoglobin.

Thalassemia

an inherited blood disease, mainly prevalent in the Mediterranean region; it is characterized by a defect in the production of hemoglobin, which leads to anemia, an enlarged spleen, and bone marrow abnormalities.

Malaria

an infectious disease caused by the presence of a single-celled parasite of the Plasmodium type inside red blood cells/The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes