Criminology - U2 - AC2.2 - Skinner's Operant Learning Theory

Skinner's Operant Learning Theory - Overview

Skinner's Operant Learning Theory suggests that behaviour is shaped by its consequences. Behaviours followed by reinforcement are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less likely to occur. This theory emphasises how external stimuli impact behaviour, explaining that behaviours are learned and maintained through interactions with the environment.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement strengthens behaviour by presenting a desirable stimulus immediately after the behaviour occurs. This increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated in the future. Positive reinforcement works by rewarding the desired behaviour, reinforcing the association between the behaviour and the reward.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement strengthens behaviour by removing an unpleasant stimulus following the behaviour. The removal of the aversive stimulus makes it more likely that the behaviour will be repeated. Negative reinforcement works by encouraging individuals to engage in behaviours that help them avoid or escape discomfort.

Skinner's Experiment - Positive Reinforcement

Skinner demonstrated positive reinforcement using the Skinner Box, where a rat learned to press a lever to receive food. This showed that behaviours followed by rewards are strengthened and more likely to be repeated.

Skinner's Experiment - Negative Reinforcement

Skinner also showed negative reinforcement by subjecting a rat to an unpleasant electric current, which stopped when it pressed a lever. This reinforced the behaviour of pressing the lever by removing an aversive stimulus.

Differential Reinforcement Theory

Jeffrey's Differential Reinforcement Theory, based on Skinner's Operant Learning Theory, suggests that criminal behaviour is learned through reinforcement. If crime leads to more rewards (e.g., financial gain, emotional gratification) than punishments, individuals are more likely to continue offending.

Primary Reinforcers

Primary Reinforcers directly link to Skinner's Operant Learning Theory by naturally strengthening behaviour without prior learning. These stimuli, such as food or water, satisfy innate biological needs. Skinner demonstrated how behaviours reinforced by primary reinforcers become more frequent, as they directly fulfil basic survival drives.

Secondary Reinforcers

Secondary Reinforcers tie into Skinner's Operant Learning Theory by gaining their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers. Although they have no innate biological value, they motivate behaviour through learned associations. For example, money is a secondary reinforcer because it can be exchanged for primary reinforcers, influencing behaviour through operant conditioning.

Positive Punishment

Positive Punishment fits into Skinner's Operant Learning Theory by weakening behaviour through the application of an aversive stimulus following the behaviour. This discourages repetition by creating a negative association between the action and its consequence, reducing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again.

Negative Punishment

Negative Punishment aligns with Skinner's Operant Learning Theory by reducing behaviour through the removal of a desirable stimulus. This decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated, as individuals learn to avoid actions that result in losing something they value.

Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation refers to behaviours driven by external consequences, whether positive or negative. In Skinner's Operant Learning Theory, extrinsic factors such as praise, rewards, or punishment shape behaviour. This type of motivation reinforces the connection between external stimuli and behavioural responses.