Oceanography Test 2

97.5

What percentage of the water on earth is found in the oceans?

glaciers and ice caps

Where is most of the Earth's freshwater found?

Two hydrogen atoms share two electrons with one oxygen atom via covalent bonds

Which of the following statements about water is correct?

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are 5% to 10% as strong as covalent bonds

Which of the following statements about water is true

polarity

What property of water allows it to easily dissolve salts?

cohesion

What property of water gives it a high surface tension that enables insects like the Sea Skater to rest on its surface?

35 calories

How many calories are required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water from 20 degrees Celsius to 55 degrees Celsius?

90 calories

How many calories are required to convert 1 g of ice at 0 degrees to 1 g of liquid water at 10 degrees?

3.98 C

Pure water reaches its maximum density at what temperature?

adhesion

What property of water allows it to stick to solid surfaces?

560 calories

How much heat must be removed from 1 g of water vapor at 100 degrees Celsius to convert it into 1 g of liquid water at 80 degrees Celsius?

-1.91 C

At what temperature does seawater with a salinity of 35 parts per thousand freeze?

high heat capacity

Water's temperature doesn't change much despite the addition or removal of large amounts of heat due to what property?

thermal inertia

The climate of coastal areas receiving onshore breezes is moderated by the ocean's

melting ice

What process in the Antarctic (and to a lesser extent in the Arctic) takes heat out of the atmosphere?

the gulf stream

What current in the North Atlantic transfers heat from the equatorial regions towards the poles?

The latent heat of vaporization carries a large amount of heat into the atmosphere

Why does water vapor transfer more heat per unit mass than liquid water?

grams per cubic cm

Density of seawater is measured with units of

35

The normal salinity of full strength seawater is ________ ‰

pycnocline

The zone of rapid change in density with depth is called the

near the poles

Where would the pycnocline be weakest or absent?

tropics, density

Water columns in the __________________ are most stable, and resistant to mixing, because of the strong ______________ in density between the surface and bottom water.

refraction

The process of bending a light or sound wave as it passes through water of different densities is called

600

In clear tropical waters, the photic zone may extend to a depth of __________m.

blue

What color of light penetrates the deepest in seawater?

1500

The speed of sound in seawater is approximately ______________ m/s

1200 m

At what depth would the SOFAR channel likely be found?

80,15

_______% of the earth's atmosphere lies within _______ km of the surface.

trophosphere

The turbulent layer of the atmosphere within nearly all weather occurs is called the

20.9

The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is

Dry air is less dense than humid air

Which of the following statements is false

expands, cools

Low pressure areas are formed when rising air __________ and ___________.

clouds and precipitation, clear skies

Areas of low pressure often have ____________ while areas of high pressure often have ________________.

Light reaching the poles passes through more atmosphere

One reason why polar areas receive less radiation per unit area than the tropics is: 

23.5

The earth is tilted relative to the sun at an angle of __________ degrees

convection

A circular pattern of hot air rising, cooling, and falling again is called a _____________________ cell

right, left

The Coriolis effect deflects air to the __________ in the northern hemisphere and to the ___________ in the southern hemisphere

hadley

Atmospheric circulation cells found between the equator and and 30 degrees north or south latitude are called _______________ cells

ferrel

Circulation cells operating in the atmosphere at mid-latitudes (30 - 60 degrees) are called ______________ cells

uneven solar heating

Large atmospheric circulation cells are powered by

two hadley cells

The Doldrums are an area of low winds found between

a jet stream

A fast moving belt of westerly moving winds is referred to as

the horse latitudes

Areas of high pressure characterized by low winds that occur near 30 degrees north or south latitude are called

5 degrees north of the geographical equator

The meteorological equator occurs?

a cold front

A moving mass of cold air that is chilled over a continent is called

wet, dry

Areas subject to monsoons typically have ___________ summers and _________ winters.

Warm air rising over the land during the day being replaced by cooler air from the sea

A sea breeze is caused by?

The trade winds weaken or reverse and warm water accumulates in the western Pacific

An El Niño occurs when?

Counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Cyclones rotate?

a front

The boundary between two different air masses is called

a ferrel cell and a polar cell

Extratropical cyclones form at the boundary of

74 mph

The threshold wind speed for a cyclone to be categorized as a hurricane is

winds, tides

Surface currents are driven by ________ or _________

thermohaline current

The sinking of cold, salty water near the poles is an example of a

wind

___________ is the primary driving force for surface currents

gyres

Current systems that flow in a circular path are called ___________

3%

Water at the surface can flow at a velocity no greater than about _______ of the wind.

an ekman spiral

Progressive deflection of surface currents with depth in a process that results in water moving at about 90 degrees to the wind direction is called

sinks and depresses the thermocline

Some of the water that domes up near the center of a Gyre

west wind drift

Which of the following is not a geostrophic gyre?

gulf stream

Which of the following currents in the North Atlantic Gyre is classified as an Western Boundary Current?

1,000,000 cubic meters per second

One Sverdrup is equivalent to

counter-clockwise, elevated

A cold core ring rotates in a ___________________ direction and has a pycnocline that is ____________________

canary current

Which of the following is an Eastern Boundary Current?

warmer, cooler

A city located next to an eastern boundary current would experience _________________ winters and _________________ summers.

north, south

Strong coastal upwelling would occur on the west coast of north america when the winds blow from _______ to _______.

langmuir cells

Counter-rotating vortices of circulation in the surface waters in response to wind are called ____________________

southern oscillation

Changes in the location of the pressure centers that drive surface winds over the tropical Pacific is called

More intense upwelling off the west coast of South America

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an El Niño year?

thermohaline circulation

Density driven currents that can move water vertically are called

rubber ducks

What toys provided an opportunity to learn about ocean currents?

caballing

The combination of two distinct water masses with the same density can produce a new water mass with a greater density. This process is called?

a wave

The movement of energy from a source through a medium is called

an orbital wave

A wave in which the water molecules move in closed circles is called

wave crest

The highest part of a wave is called the

wavelength

The distance between two successive wave crests or troughs is called

half the wavelength

The depth at which wave motion is negligible is generally?

stokes drift

The small net amount of water movement in the direction of a wave is called?

the wave height

Which of the following is not used to classify ocean waves?

capillary wave

The initial phase of development of a wind wave is

forced wave

A wave that is maintained by its disturbing force is called a

cohesion

The restoring force for very small waves with wavelengths less than 1.73 cm is?

gravity

What is the restoring force for waves with wavelengths > 1.73 cm?

wavelength

What is the most important measure of wave size?

When the depth is greater than half of its wavelength

When can a wave not 'feel' the bottom?

A wave with a wavelength of 100 m in 4 m of water

Which of the following waves would be classified as a shallow-water wave?

wavelength/2 > Depth > wavelength/20 

Transitional progressive waves occur when?

12.49 m/s

Calculate the speed of a deepwater wave with a wavelength of 100 m

6.2 m/s

Calculate the speed of a wave with a wavelength of 101 m in a depth of 4 m

31.2 m/s

If a wave has a period of 20 seconds, what will it's speed in deepwater be?

wind

Most wave energy in the ocean is concentrated in ___________________ waves

wind direction

Which of the following is not a factor determining wind wave development?

3 days

How long must a strong wind blow for the wind waves to fully develop?

1:7

What is the theoretical maximum wave height to wavelength ratio?

Progressing groups of waves with the same origin and wavelength

A wave train is defined as?

3:4

At what ratio of wave height to water depth will a wave break?

internal waves

Progressive waves that form at the boundary of water of two different densities are called

tsunami

A wave generated by a section of ice from a glacier falling into the water would be classified as a?

barycenter

The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system is called the

50 minutes

The movement of the moon as it orbits around the Earth results in a tidal offset of _______________ per day