CU1 Historical Perspectives of Nursing and the Computer

Prior to 1960s

Simple Beginnings

early 1950s

The use of computers in both computer and medical industry grew on

Prior to 1960s - Simple Beginnings

- During this time, the image of nursing profession is undergoing major changes: improving nursing image, expansion of scope and complexity of nursing practice and services and the increasing number of new nurses.
- punch cards to store data and card readers for computer programs, sorting and preparation of data for processing

1960s

Issues and NI Researches

1960s - Issues and NI Researches

- The use of computer technology in healthcare settings began to be questioned
- Nurses’ stations were
considered as “hub” of information exchange.
- Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT)
- Hospital Information Systems (HISs) were primarily developed

1970s

Giant Leap for NI

1970s - Giant Leap for NI

- Nurses begin to recognize the value of the computer for their profession
- Computer applications for financial and management functions of patient care systems were perceived as cost-saving technologies

1980s

Emergence of Informatics Field

1980s - Emergence of Informatics Field

- The field of Informatics emerged in the healthcare industry and nursing
- NI became an accepted
- Kardex, results reporting, vital signs and other system that documented narrative nursing notes via word-processing packages
- Discharge planning systems
- microcomputer

Computer-based Patient Record Systems (CPRSs)

The need for nursing software evolved and nursing education identified the need to update practice standards, determine data standards, vocabularies and classification schemes that could be coded for
Microcomputer

1990s

Affirmation of Nursing Informatics as Specialty Field

1990s - Affirmation of Nursing Informatics as Specialty Field

- Computer technology became an integral part of healthcare settings, nursing practice and nursing
Profession
- Policies and legislation were adopted
- need for computer-based nursing practice standards, data standards, nursing minimum data sets and national databases emerged
- smaller and faster computers – laptops and notebooks, workstations, Local Area Network (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs).

internet

made it possible for the information and knowledge databases to be integrated into bedside systems

Post 2000

Rapid Growth and Development in NI

Post 2000 - Rapid Growth and Development in NI

- Healthcare and nursing undergone developments such as wireless point of care, open source solutions, regional database projects and increased IT solutions on healthcare environment.
- Clinical information systems became individualized in the Electronic Patient Record (EPR)
- patient specific systems considered for the lifelong longitudinal record or the Electronic Health Record (EHR)
- Mobile computing devices: Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), Tablet computers and smart phones.
- The Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
- The prediction of smart cards was realized in Europe (Germany).

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

was enacted post year 2000 to streamline health care transactions and reduce cost.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

considered as the official nursing organization that contributes in the development and recommendation of standards of nursing practice worldwide
- Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospital Organizations (JCAHO)

-focuses on the need for adequate records on patients in hospitals and practice of standards for the documentation of care by nurses.
- also recommended acuity systems to determine resource use as well as required care plans for documenting nursing care

Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)

as a member of the International Council of Nurses, founded way back September 2, 1922 and the Board of Nursing which was empowered by the Republic Act 9173.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

facilitates student centered instructional settings creating a motivating and active learning environment

High Level Seven (HL7)

one of several American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - accredited Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) operating in the healthcare arena

International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO)

is a not-for-profit association that develops and promotes use of SNOMED CT to support safe and effective health information exchange

SNOMED CT

a clinical terminology and is considered to be the most comprehensive, multilingual healthcare terminology in the world.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS)

– a statutory public advisory body to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) that has a 57 year history of advising HHS in the areas of health data, health statistics, privacy and national health information policy