[FYE] (P1) Threshold 6 | Language and Collective Learning

genus Homo

Looking back 2.5 million years ago, many kinds of humans belonged to the same group called _____.

southern ape

The first appearance of humans is from 2.5 million years ago, evolving from the type of ape called Australopithecus, which means “______”.

Australopithecus

The first appearance of humans is from 2.5 million years ago, evolving from the type of ape called ______, which means “southern ape”.

Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)

Place: Europe and Western Asia

Homo erectus (Upright Man)

Place: East Asia

Homo soloensis (Man from the Solo Valley)

Place: Java Indonesia

Homo floresiensis (Man from Flores)

Place: Small Indonesian island

Homo denisova

Place: Siberia

Homo rudolfensis and Homo ergaster

Place: Africa

David Christian

According to _________, collective learning is the unique human ability to share, accumulate, and build upon knowledge across generations through symbolic language.

collective learning

According to David Christian, _________ is the unique human ability to share, accumulate, and build upon knowledge across generations through symbolic language. This allows for a more efficient accumulation of information than is lost in each generation, distinguishing humans from other species by enabling cultural and technological evolution to outpace genetic evolution.

collective learning

It is the ability to learn from the experience of others without direct personal experience, as seen in our ability to learn about things like sharks or poisonous foods through recorded information.

David Christian

“Humans are not just smart individuals; they are a smart collective.”

Homo sapiens

Around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, a new species known as _______ marked the beginning of collective learning.

Homo sapiens

are inherently greater than other hominins, such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus, they possess a remarkable ability to adapt to their environment and pass knowledge down through generations.

600, 1,200 and 1, 400

The early humans who lived 2.5 million years ago had brain size around _____ cubic centimeters, while modern Homo sapiens have brain size between ___ and ___ cubic centimeters.

recursive syntax

In addition to that, Homo sapiens acquired _______, which is the ability to combine words into limitless meaning, leading to a much complex way of storytelling, planning, and teaching.

language gene

Moreover, the discover of the FOXP2 gene in the early 2000s paved way for the scientists to understand how humans developed the ability to speak and communicate. This gene is also known as “______”.

FOXP2

Moreover, the discover of the _____ gene in the early 2000s paved way for the scientists to understand how humans developed the ability to speak and communicate. This gene is also known as “language gene”.

biocultural beings

anthropologist views humans as ______, which means that our mental and physical evolution occurred alongside our cultural development.

enculturation

In anthropology, scholars emphasize the concept of ______ which is the lifelong process through which individuals learn, internalize, and transmit the cultural norms, values, and even practices of their society. Also, through ______, knowledge is socially transmitted and preserved across generations.

discovery of fire

Hence, the discovery of ____ of Homo erectus paved the way to a major step in human progress. For about 300,000 years, species like Homo sapiens were using this every day.

biological, sociological, anthropological, archaeological, and linguistic standpoints

We can trace how humans began to share and build knowledge through (5).

Migration

is one of the key drivers of humans to a more complex sharing of knowledge.

Multi-regional Hypothesis

states that Homo erectus migrated out of Africa around 1-2 million years ago, and then people in Asia, Africa, and Europe continued to evolve locally into modern humans (Homo Sapiens).

Out of Africa theory

The ________ states that Africa was the origin point of early humans before they

migrated to Asia and Europe.

Origin Theory (RAO) or Out of Africa II

Recent African ______________ explains that humans have a single African origin (Mitochondrial Eve) and spread globally, replacing Homo erectus and Neanderthals.

Wave Migration Theory of H. Otley Beyer

In the Philippines, the _______________ states that the Philippines was populated through a series of migrations, particularly Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays. It was criticized because it does not honor the independent development of the Filipinos as well as the concept of white supremacy.

Peter Belwood's Austronesian Theory

states that the growth of the population in the Philippines resulted from the group of people from Asia known as Austronesians.

ámanang kabiasnan (culture) and amánung sísuan (native language)

Due to the human drive to migrate, the Austronesian brought their ________ and _________ in the Philippines shaping the landscape of Kapampangan identity.

Milford H. Wolpoff

Multi-regional Hypothesis proposed by ______ in 1984 is one of the theories on how early humans migrated. It suggests that after Homo erectus migrated out of Africa around 1-2 million years ago, people in Asia, Africa, and Europe continue to evolve locally into modern humans (Homo Sapiens).

Mitochondrial Eve

Scientists called it “________” because, as we all know, human mitochondria have a second genome, which can be inherited from the mother.

white supremacist

Wave Migration Theory of H. Otley Beyer features the concept of “________,” where in the last wave of people that came to the Philippines are Malays who are being described in the theory as light-skinned and a more civilized group than the first two, the Negritos and Malays.