Social Movements Review

Americans with Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

The disability rights movement of the late 1960s:

Movement to help people learn how to live independently, and gain access to public facilities, especially physical changes to buildings.

Stonewall Riots

a group of riots in New York, marked the beginning of the gay rights movement

HIV/AIDS

Epidemic that disproportionately affected gay men in the 1980s and led to a stigma against LGBT population

APA

American Psychological Association that labeled homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973

Don't Ask Don't Tell

Under Clinton administration. Concerns allowing LGBT into military but forbids begin openly gay.

DOMA

U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states

Obergefell v. Hodges

States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states.

Bracero Program

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.

Mendez v. Westminster

ruled that the segregation of mexican americans is unconstitutional. cited in the brown v board of education case

United Farm Workers

Mexican American organization for better working conditions under leader Cesar Chavez

Grape Boycott

peaceful protests to get CA's large fruit & vegetable companies to accept their union as the bargaining agent for the farm workers. Chavez convinced supermarkets & shoppers to boycott these..

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers helping to unionize Mexican-American farm workers.

bilingual education act

provided federal funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural heritage programs for non-English-speaking children

Tribal Sovereignty

Native American groups have the right to govern themselves in accordance with federal law, not always state laws

AIM

Organization founded in 1968 to conduct militant protest against government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans

Wounded Knee Occupation

When members of AIM seized and occupied this town in South Dakota for two months, demanding radical changes in the administration of the reservation and insisting that the government honor its long-forgotten treaty obligations.

Alcatraz Island Occupation

AIM took over this former federal prison claiming it as old "Indian land" and was theirs by right of discovery

Model Minority Myth

The stereotype that Asians are the racial minority group that has "made it" in the United States and other minority groups should be treated the same.

feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Title VII

Forbids discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in all areas of the employment relationship

NOW

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Betty Friedan

United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921) and wrote the Feminine Mystique

Gloria Steinam

launched "Ms." magazine in 1972 to spread the message of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

ERA

A constitutional amendment stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

STOP ERA

An organization founded by Phyllis Schlafly in 1972 to fight the Equal Rights Amendment.

Phyllis Schafly

She promoted the Stop ERA campaign because she thought that the Equal rights Amendment would ruin the traditional family.

Title IX

A law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional.

Gender pay gap

the overall income difference between women and men in the workplace

Rachel Carson

one of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT). Wrote Silent Spring.

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of pesticides and human impact on the environment.

EPA

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Clean Air Act

law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry

Three Mile Island

A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.