AP EURO UNIT 12: 1850-1871 AGE OF NATIONALISM

Napoleon III

French Emperor of the Second Empire, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Crimean War

Conflict from 1854 to 1856, triggered by Ottoman Empire's decline.

Florence Nightingale

Noble nurse who revolutionized healthcare during the Crimean War.

Camillo Cavour

Piedmont chancellor who unified Northern Italy through strategic alliances.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot who led the Redshirts in unifying Italy.

Zollverein

German free trade union under Prussia, eliminating tariffs.

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian politician who unified Germany through wars and diplomacy.

Realpolitik

Bismarck's pragmatic political philosophy based on practicality.

Ausgleich

Creation of Austria-Hungary dual monarchy in 1867.

Mir

Russian village communes post-serfdom, controlling peasants' land.

Zemstvos

Russian local assemblies with limited power for public services.

Alexander II

Tsar of Russia during the end of the Crimean War.

Treaty of Paris

Ended the Crimean War, ceding land and limiting Russia

Queen Victoria

Long-reigning British monarch during the Victorian era

Populism

Revolutionary movement for peasant self-governance

Joint Stock Investment Banks

Companies allowing investment in exchange for shares

Karl Marx

Creator of Marxism and Communist Manifesto

Proletariat

Working class in a communist society

Materialism

Belief in physical forces creating nonphysical things

Charles Darwin

Scientist known for theory of evolution and natural selection

Artificial Selection

Human-controlled breeding for desired traits

Natural Selection

Evolution based on survival traits over time

Organic Evolution

Survival of the fittest leading to new species

Pasteurization

Process to eliminate harmful microbes in milk

Realism

Artistic movement depicting harsh industrial realities