Exam 1

White blood cells are produced through the action of the leukopoetin

False

Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin

False

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen

False

The primary course of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the ends of the long bones

True

Myeloid progenator cells give rise to all granulocytes cells

True

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin

True

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting

False

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called_____

a.) antibodies

b.) hormones

c.) enzymes

d.) proteins

B

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

a.) A

b.) B

c.) AB

d.) O

D

Which of the following is NOT a steroid based hormone?

a.) estrogen

b.) cortisol

c.) epinephrine

d.) aldosterone

C

The hypophyseal system_____

a.) is the site of the prolactin synthesis

b.) connect the hypophysis to the pineal gland

c.) conducts aldosterone to they hypophysis

d.) runs through the infundibulum

D

Aldosterone _____

a.) functions to increase sodium reabsorption

b.) production is greatly influenced by ACTH

c.) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood

d.) is secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because______

a.) the hormones are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

b.) different target cells use different kinases cascades to activate or inhibit gene expression

c.) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time

d.) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane

B

Which of the following plasma components is most likely to rise in concentration during an infection?

a.) platelets

b.) fibrinogen

c.) gamma globulins

d.) albumin

C

Thyroxine T3/T4 is a peptide hormone, bit its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

a.) it causes positive feedback

b.) it is very specific in the cell type it targets

c.) it does not require a second messenger to cause a response

d.) it is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells

C

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)_____

a.) is not a tropic hormone

b.) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormone

c.) is secreted by the posterior pituitary

d.) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla

B

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

a.) humoral stimulation

b.) protein synthesis

c.) catabolic inhibition

d.) carbohydrate oxidation

A

If you centrifuge whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that______

a.) white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

b.) platelets are larger than red blood cells

c.) platelets are larger than white blood cells

d.) white blood cells are smaller than red blood cells

A

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

a.) they are phagocytic

b.) they have cytoplasmic granules

c.) they are the most numerous of the formed

d.) they are nucleated

D

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ______

a.) cortisol

b.) epinephrine

c.) estrogen

d.) testosterone

A

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones?

a.) calcium

b.) sodium

c.) iron

d.) chlorine

A

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the _______

a.) hepatic portal system

b.) feedback loop

c.) general circulatory system

d.) hypophyseal portal system

D

Oxytocin____

a.) exerts its most important effects during menstruation

b.) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

c.) controls milk production

d.) is an anterior pituitary secretion

B

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

a.) leptin

b.) gastrin

c.) aldosterone

d.) secretion

D

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

a.) coagulation

b.) platelet plug formation

c.) fibrinolysis

d.) vascular spasm

C

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure and is released from fat cells?

a.) leptin

b.) gastrin

c.) aldosterone

d.) secretin

A

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of_______

a.) aldosterone

b.) secretin

c.) insulin

d.) cortisol

D

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activates specific genes?

a.) testosterone

b.) calcitonin

c.) growth hormone

d.) melatonin

A

A person with a high count of neutrophils is likely suffering_______

a.) anemia

b.) a viral infection

c.) a bacterial infection

d.) polycythemia

C

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)______

a.) increases urine production

b.) promotes dehydration

c.) is produced by the anterior pituitary

d.) secretion is inhibited by alcohol

D

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?

a.) permissiveness

b.) synergism

c.) antagonism

d.) feedback

D

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because________

a.) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release

b.) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional

c.) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

d.) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

D

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

a.) moving to a lower altitude

b.) an increased number of RBCs

c.) decreased tissue demand for oxygen

d.) hypoxia of EPO- producing cells

D

All of the following conditions impair coagulation except______

a.) vascular spasm

b.) vitamin K deficiency

c.) severe hypocalcemia

d.) liver disease

A

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in______

a.) monocytes

b.) eosinophils

c.) neutrophils

d.) basophils

A

Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would likely cause which of the following?

a.) fever with pain

b.) edema (swelling)

c.) pallor (pale skin)

d.) loss of blood clotting

D

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see __________

a.) decreased in white blood cell count

b.) increased white blood cell count

c.) decreased hematocrit

d.) increased hematocrit

D

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as __________

a.) Sensitivity increase

b.) cellular affinity

c.) a stressor reaction

d.) up regulation

D

Steroid hormones exert their action by _______

a.) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

b.) binding cells receptors and initiating cAMP activity

c.) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA

d.) entering the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

D

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?\\

a.) glucagon

b.) aldosterone

c.) thyroxine

d.) insulin

A

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

a.) pancreas

b.) brain

c.) kidney

d.) liver

C

Virtually all amino acid based polar hormone exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________

a.) deactivating ions

b.) nucleotides

c.) calcium

d.) second messengers

D

The second messenger mechanism of hormones action operates by _________

a.) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

b.) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ

c.) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

d.) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time

A

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________

a.) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide

b.) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

c.) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

d.) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone

B

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

a.) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure

b.) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

c.) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

d.) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

C

A main has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

a.) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males

b.) a hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility

c.) FSH leads to production of ABP that concentrates testosterone which stimulates sperm production in the testes

d.) the man must be producing progesterone , which inhibits the synthesis of FSH

C

Cells that respond to peptide hormones, usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because___________

a.) the hormones receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

b.) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes onto second messengers

c.) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

d.) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene

C

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

a.) 7.35-7.45

b.) 8.35-8.45

c.) 4.65-4.75

d.) 7.75-7.85

A

The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is __________

a.) insulin

b.) aldosterone

c.) cortisol

d.) glucagon

B

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ___________

a.) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

b.) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path

c.) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

d.) nothing- all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C