Histology- animal anatomy

What are the 7 levels of organization?

chemicals, cells organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

What is the smallest level of an organization is considered a living thing?

The cellular level

What are the 4 properties of the tissue level?

Group of specialized cells, they arise from a common ancestor, they perform special functions, and sometimes have substances surrounding the cell

what is made of two or more different tissues with specific functions

Organs

What is cell division

The process where the cells reproduce and it has nuclear division and cytoplasmic division

what is included in the nuclear division

Mitosis and meiosis

what is in cytoplasmic division

cytokinesis

what is somatic cell division

Cell division that results in an increase in body cells and involves mitosis and cytokinesis

What is reproductive cell division

cell division that results in the production of sex cell and consists of meiosis and cytokinesis

what are homologous chromosomes

two chromosomes that make up a chromosome pair

what is a cell with a full set of chromosomes called

a diploid cell

What is a cell with only one chromosome from each pair called

a haploid cell

How many chromosome and chromosome pairs does cattle have

60; 30

How many chromosome and chromosome pairs does a horse have

64; 32

How many chromosome and chromosome pairs does a dog have

78; 39

How many chromosome and chromosome pairs does a cat have

38; 19

How many chromosome and chromosome pairs does a human have

46; 23

what is the cell cycle

an orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two.

what does the cell cycle consist of

Interphase and the mitotic phase

What does mitosis phase consist of

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

what are the 3 parts of interphase

G1, S, and G2

What is G1 phase of mitosis

where the cytoplasmic increase

What happens in the S phase of mitosis

the replication of chromosomes

What is the G2 phase of mitosis

where cytoplasmic growth increases

what are two routine stains

Hematoxylin and eosin

Which routine dye is basic

Hematoxyline

which routine dye is acidic

eosin

what are 4 specific stains and what do they stain?

periodic acid Schiff stain stains carbs, Best’s carmine stains glycogen, acid phosphate stains lysosomes, and Sudan black/ oil red stains lipids

Name 5 cell organelles

7 listed: nucleus, Nucleolus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosome, ribosomes, and mitochondria

what is a euchromatic nucleus

a nucleus that has lighter stained, less dense chromatin

What is a heterochromatic nucleus

a nucleus with tightly packed chromatin

What are 4 apical cell surface modifications

Microvilli, cilia, flagella, and stereocilia

What is a cell junction

they are points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes

What are 3 functions of cell junctions

To form a fluid tight seal between cells, anchor cells together or to extracellular material, act as a channel that allows ion and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue

What are the 5 most important kind of cell junctions

tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions

what are two functions of microvilli

to increase surface area and help with absorption

what is the purpose of cilia and flagella

to act as a form of locomotion

what is the difference between cilia and flagella and stereocilia

cilia and flagella are short with a uniform height and stereocilia are long with irregular height

label the cell junctions

A- tight junction, B- adherens junction, C- desmosome, D- hemidesmosome, E- Gap junctions

What is the purpose of a tight junction and where can it be found

Purpose- to form a watertight seal between cells and is found between cells that line the GI tract and bladder

What is the purpose of an adherens junction

to hold epithelial cells together

what is the purpose of cell junctions and what cells can they be found in

to allow cell communication with ions and small molecules and can be found in muscle and nerve cells to spread impulses

What is the purpose of desmosomes and where can they be found

purpose is to resist cellular separation and cell disruption and can be found in the cellular support of cardiac muscles

What is the function of hemidesmosomes

to connect cells to an extracellular material such as the basement membrane,

What are 5 aspects of epithelial tissue

they are closely packed cells with very little connective tissue, the cells sit on a basement membrane, they are avascular, they have a limited nerve supply, and they have rapid cell division ( high mitotic rate)

what keeps epithelial tissue together since they have little connective tissue

Cell junctions

What are the 3 typed of surfaces on epithelial cells and where are they located

Apical surface- the free/ unattached surface, basal surface- against the basement membrane, lateral surface- surface nect to cells on either side.

what does avascular mean

without blood vessels or nerve supply

What are 5 functions of epithelial cells

Protection filtration, lubrication, digestion and absorption.

What are the 3 cell types/ shapes of the epithelium

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

What are the 3 number/ arrangement of layers of the epithelium

simple, stratified and pseudostratified

What are the 9 types of cells and number of layers

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous keratinized, stratified squamous nonkeratinized, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional

what is cornified the same as in classifying epithelial cells

keratinized

what tissue type is this?

simple squamous

what tissue type is this

Stratified squamous

what type of tissue is this

pseudostratified columnar

what tissue is this

transitional

True or False; glands can be unicellular or multicellular.

true

What are the 3 types of secretion of glands

serous, mucous, and mixed

what does the serous type of secretion mean?

it means protein secreting

what is an example of a gland that is serous secreting?

the pancreas

what does mucous secreting mean?

glycoprotein secretion

what does mixed secreting mean?

a mix between serous and mucous

what are the 3 modes of secretion?

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

what is a gland and where is it

a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion. It derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development.

where do exocrine glands secrete ?

onto a free surface of epithelial layer

what is an example of exocrine glands?

sweat glands

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

they secrete hormones into the bloodstream

what does the hormones from the endocrine system help do?

helps maintain homeostasis

True or False: Goblet cells are unicellular glands.

True

What are the 4 classifications of exocrine glands

branched, unbranched, tubular, and acinar

True or False: compound glands have multiple versions of simple glands

True

how do merocrine glands discharge their secretions?

by exocytosis

what is an example of an merocrine gland

Saliva glands

what is exocytosis ?

when a cell forms pockets around molecules and deposits them outside of the cell without the killing or disturbing the cell

How do apocrine glands discharge their secretions

the secretion is accumulated in the apex of the cell which then pinches off from the rest of the cell.

which gland doesn’t exist in the humans?

apocrine glands

How does the holocrine gland discharge its secretions

by the secretory product accumulating in the cytosol until the cell dies and it becomes the secretory product.

what an example of holocrine gland ?

a sebaceous( oil ) gland

what is connective tissue derived from?

a type of mesoderm called mesenchyme

what subfix is given to immature cells

-blast

what do mature cells end in?

-cyte

what are fibers synthesized from?

fibroblast

what are 3 functions of connective tissue?

5 listed- support, storage of lipids, water, and electrolytes,, heat regulation, repair of damaged organs, and transport of nutrients

What are the 3 different types of fibers

collagen, elastic and reticular

what are some ways connective tissue differs from the epithelium

it is more fibrous, less cellular, has a random arrangement of cells and is vascular

what are two things that fibroblast secrete

fibers and matrix

what are fat cells called?

adipocytes

what do adipocytes do?

they store energy in the form of lipids

what are white blood cells called

leukocytes

what are the 3 types of white blood cells and what are their functions

macrophages- engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis, plasma cells- produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances, and mast cells- they produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels

what are the three items found in the ground substance of the extracellular matrix?

Glucosamine glycans ( GAGs), proteoglycans, adhesion proteins

why is hyaluronic acid important

it lubricates joints and it binds cells together

where can each fiber type be found ( elastic, collagen, and reticular )

collagen- bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, elastic- skin, blood vessels, and lungs, reticular fibers-in the walls of blood vessels, spleen and lymph nodes

what are the two classifications of connective tissue

embryonic connective tissue and mature connective tissue

what are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

what is embryonic connective tissue?

connective tissue that is present primarily in the embryo or fetus

What tissue does all of the other connective tissues arise from

the mesenchyme

where is the mucous connective tissue found ?

in the umbilical cord of the fetus

what are the 5 types of mature connective tissue

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone tissue, and liquid connective tissue