Philosophy Midterm
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58 Terms
What is philosphy?
the activity of using reason to find answers to fundamental questions
Where does the word philosophy come from?
the Greek word meaning “philosophia” which translates to “love of wisdom”
What are the major branches of philosophy?
Ethics
Metaphysics
Epistemology
What questions might be asked in Metaphysics?
What is real?
Is there a god?
What questions might be asked in Epistemology?
What can we know? / What can be known?
What questions might be asked in Ethics?
What is right / wrong?
How does philosophy differ from religion?
Philosophy is based more in reason and argumentation while religion is more faith/belief/tradition based
In The Death of Ivan Ilyich what was Ivan’s conception of a good life?
one that is pleasant and decent
How did Ivan and others in the story live an inauthentic existence?
they did not live truly to their hearts - Ivan described not following urges to go against those around him sometimes, they only did things that were expected of them because they were expected things from them etc etc
How did Ivan’s approaching death affect him?
He begins to reflect on his life and realizes he did not “live right”. it is a very painful realization for him and makes his death a lot more painful mentally
Define “everydayness”
being unreflectively immersed in what you’re doing
“sleepwalking” through life
Define authenticity
quality of being genuine and true to yourself
What the authentic person does, reflects who they are, not what other people expect them to be
Define decency
what society / social class expects or defines as proper
What is Socratic Irony?
claiming to know less than you really know
How does Socrates test Euthyphro’s claim to knowledge in Plato’s Euthyphro?
he questions him and makes it seem like Euthyphro is teaching him to point out that Euthyphro actually doesn’t know what he is talking about
What is the “form”?
the essence of something
Example of the form vs particulars in a definition
Human beings = form
Madi, Avery. Morgan = particulars
What does the “form” have to do with the dialogue in Euthyphro?
Socrates is trying to get the answer of the form of “piety”, he doesn’t want particular examples of what is pious, but what makes them so
Socrates question “What is X” is getting at the form, he wants a definition
How does the form differ from the particular?
All particulars of a certain type have a single form
Why is a definition of something important?
It provides criteria for is something fits that definition or not
So you can accurately make decisions based off the definition
What is “divine command theory?
God’s commands determine what is right or wrong
Define “interlocutor”
characters in a dialogue
In a definition, what is the “genus” and what is the “specific difference”?
genus = larger class
specific difference = what makes the new term different
ex: a square
genus- rectange
specific different- but with all equal sides
Who were Socrates’ “first accusers” in Apology? Why are they important?
the ones who have been spreading rumors about Socrates for YEARS. they are important because they have created bias in many of the jurymen
What were the charges of Socrates’ later accusers?
not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other new spiritual things
who were the sophists?
Greeks famous for teaching verbal tricks to win arguments for a fee
What was the pronouncement given by the oracle about Socrates? How does he interpret it?
his friend asks “Is there any man wiser than Socrates?”
and gets the answer “No one is wiser than Socrates”
Which Socrates questions because he does not view himself as wise, so he goes out and tries to refute the oracle by finding someone wiser than he is
What are the pieces of the gadfly metaphor and who/what do they represent?
Gadfly = Socrates
Horse = people of Athens
Dozing / sleeping = being content (lazy), everydayness, not being reflective
Gadfly being annoying = Socrates asking questions
Horse swatting gadfly = trying and executing Socrates
How does Socrates understand his mission to Athens? What does this have to do with the gadfly metaphor?
He wants to find someone wiser than he is, and does so by questioning people, which annoys them
What is Socrates’ attitude toward death?
He was not afraid because he believed it would be a blessing
Define “double ignorance”
not knowing, but thinking you do know
What is Socratic Wisdom?
not knowing, and knowing that you do not know
What are the 3 levels of knowing?
really knowing
not knowing, but recognizing that you do not know (socratic wisdom)
not knowing, but thinking you know (double ignorance)
In Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave” what is the allegory an image of? How does it depict this?
It is a story of education (and us and learning philosophy), depicted as a metaphor of prisoners in a cave ascending out and then returning
What are the main stages of the prisoners ascent out of the cave?
they are in the cave looking at the shadows on the wall and that is all they think and know is real
they see the fire and the shadow makers
the ascent - difficult - then they see the world outside of the cave
What does the cave allegory have to do with philosophy and the (un)examined life?
being inside the cave represents the unexamined life. it is the visible realm (things we can see)
being outside the cave represents the examined life (the intelligible realm (forms)
In Nicomachean Ethics, what is the distinction Aristotle makes between kinds of goods?
there are instrumental and complete goods:
instrumental goods: something chosen for the sake of something else (ex: medicine, pencil)
complete good: something chosen for its own sake (ex: listening to good music, a yummy food)
What are the features of the highest good?
= some goal of our actins that we wish for on account of itself (complete good) → we wish for all other things on account of this
= happiness
What is the highest good (according the Aristotle)?
happiness
What is Aristotle’s definition of happiness? What do the components of the definition mean?
(1) the activity of the soul (2) in accordance with virtue (3) over a complete life
1- it is an active thing, not something you feel or have
2- virtue = being excellent in its form
3- living a good life as a whole (present and future)
= for Aristotle, happiness is about living excellently or living a good life for a human being
Aristotle sells very cold lemonade
What is the role of wealth (external goods) in happiness, according to Aristotle?
Money is sometimes necessary for living virtuously
What is virtue?
quality of being excellent
human virtues = qualities we admire in others and aspire to obtain
2 types of virtues
virtues of thought
virtues of character
How do we aquire virtue?
Through habituation, do virtuous actions until it becomes a habit
What role do pleasure and pain play in Aristotle’s account of virtue?
In stages of obtaining a virtue:
it is painful to do the virtuous thing (you don’t have the virtue yet)
on the way to obtaining the virtue
it is pleasant to do the virtuous thing (you have the virtue / it’s a habit)
the virtuous person enjoys doing virtuous acts
How is virtue a mean?
It is a mean between 2 extremes of feelings and actions
Excess and deficiency
How does Aristotle’s account of virtue apply to bravery?
Bravery is a mean between feeling too much fear (cowardly) / too little fear (reckless) and also too little confidence (cowardly) / too much confidence (rash)
What are the 3 requirements for friendship according to Aristotle?
goodwill
reciprocation
awareness
What are the 3 kinds of friendship and how are they different?
Friendship of utility: the friends like each other because they get some benefit from it
Friendship of pleasure: the friends like each other because they enjoy spending time together
Complete friendship:
friendship between good people similar in virtue
the friends love each other because of who they are
not because they can benefit
not because they enjoy being together
they DO enjoy being together and DO benefit, but this isn’t the SOURCE of their friendship
enduring friendship
What separates human beings from other animals? (idk if i even agree with this because just look at all of the things animals are able to understand…. parrots are able to recognize themselves in a mirror and also read emotional states of others…. so…)
our ability to understand and contemplate big questions about life
Why does Aristotle think that contemplation (“study”) is the highest form of happiness?
It is the most pleasurable, worth doing for its own sake, allows us to transcend ourselves (godlike activity)
What does teleological mean?
goal-oriented
What is an instrumental vs complete good?
instrumental good is chosen for the sake of something else
complete good is chosen for the sake of itself
What is a complete vs the most complete good?
complete good is deisred for its own sake
the MOST complete good is desired for its own sake and NEVER for the sake of something else (= happiness)
What is a necessary vs. sufficient condition?
sufficient condition: one that is ALONE enough to get the outcome
necessary condition: one that is REQUIRED to get the outcome, but not alone enough (like an ingredient)
Define decency
what society / social class expects or defines as proper
Define authenticity
quality of being genuine and true to yourself
what the authentic person does reflects who they are, not what other people expect them to be
Define “everydayness”
being unreflectively immersed in what you’re doing
“sleepwalking” through life