bio final real

What are the two types of fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

What are the main stages of cell respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), and Electron Transport Chain.

What is the process of photosynthesis primarily occurring in?

Chloroplasts.

What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?

Produces sugar.

What is the function of enzymes?

Speed up chemical reactions in the body.

What happens to animal cells in a hypertonic solution?

They lose water and can shrivel up.

What kind of energy conversion occurs during cellular respiration?

Chemical energy in glucose is converted to ATP.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Absorbs light energy for the light reactions.

What happens during glycolysis?

Glucose is broken down to produce pyruvate and ATP.

What is a recombinant plasmid?

A plasmid that has been modified to carry foreign DNA.

What does the term 'bottleneck effect' refer to?

A reduction in genetic diversity due to a sharp reduction in population size.

What roles do restriction enzymes play in DNA technology?

Cut DNA at specific sequences for cloning and analysis.

What are the stages of Mitosis in order?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What is the difference between Haploid and Diploid?

Haploid has one set of chromosomes, while Diploid has two sets.

What does a Punnett square illustrate?

It is used to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a genetic cross.

What is the role of ATP in cell work?

ATP drives cell work and can be regenerated from ADP + P.

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain.

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis and where does it happen?

It produces sugar from carbon dioxide and

What differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both.

What is gene expression?

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually protein.

What is genetic drift?

Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms.

What role does ATP play in cellular processes?

ATP provides energy for cellular work by releasing energy when the bond between its phosphate groups is broken.

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

In a hypertonic solution, a cell loses water and may shrink or crenate.

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

The overall equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

What type of fermentation occurs in human muscle cells?

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in human muscle cells during anaerobic respiration.

What is the Cell Theory?

The Cell Theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What is the structure of the Plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer consisting of hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails.

What is the role of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

The Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of proteins for secretion from the cell.

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

What happens during Anaphase?

During Anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

What are Homologous chromosomes?

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

What is DNA Replication?

DNA Replication is the process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

What are the base pairing rules for DNA and RNA?

In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C); in RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

What is Transcription?

Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template in the nucleus.

What is Translation?

Translation is the process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA transcript, forming a chain of amino acids.

What are Introns and Exons?

Introns are non-coding sequences removed from mRNA during processing, while exons are coding sequences that remain.

Define Dominant and Recessive alleles.

Dominant alleles express their traits in the phenotype regardless of the other allele's presence, while recessive alleles express their traits only when both alleles are recessive.

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring.

What is Codominance?

Codominance is a genetic situation in which both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.

What is a Zygote?

A zygote is a fertilized egg that is formed from the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell.

What is Natural Selection?

Natural Selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those that are less well adapted.

What is the Biological species concept?

The Biological species concept defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring.

What are Prezygotic barriers?

Prezygotic barriers are reproductive barriers that occur before fertilization, preventing mating or fertilization between species.

What is Allopatric speciation?

Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is geographically isolated, leading to the formation of new species.

What is ATP and its role in cell work?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for processes like metabolism and active transport.

What is the function of Enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells.

What is Active transport?

Active transport is the movement of substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll, primarily producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

what are heterozygous?

different

what is phenotype and genotype

phenotype: physical appearance

genotype: genetic make up

what is a chromosome?

A chromosome is a long, thread-like structure composed of DNA and associated proteins that carries genetic information. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, containing genes that determine traits and characteristics.

what are sister chromatids?

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, which are joined together at the centromere and are formed during DNA replication. They separate during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Compare prophase 1 and 2?

Prophase 1 involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, while prophase 2 does not involve pairing and is similar to mitotic prophase.

what is DNA packing?

DNA packing refers to the process by which DNA is condensed and organized within the nucleus of a cell. This process allows long DNA molecules to fit within the nucleus and involves wrapping DNA around histones to form nucleosomes, which further coil into higher-order structures.

what is alternative RNA splicing?

Alternative RNA splicing is a process by which different combinations of exons are joined together during the post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA, leading to the production of multiple protein variants from a single gene.

what some uses for cloning?

Some uses for cloning include therapeutic cloning for stem cell research, reproductive cloning to produce genetically identical organisms, and cloning for agricultural benefits such as improving crop yields.

what is genetically modified and what are some examples?

corn, soybeans, and rice with vitamin A

what is recombinant plasmid production?

Recombinant plasmid production is a method used to create plasmids that contain DNA from different sources

what are restriction enzymes?

Cut DNA at specific sequence

what are DNA microarrays?

slide with DNA fragments that fluoresce when gene is on

what is repetitive DNA?

DNA between genes with multiple copies

what are the pros and cons of asexual and sexual reproduction then compare and contrast them?

Asexual pros: no need for a mate, multiply quickly

asexual cons: genetically identical which can cause, disease and Enviromental change

sexual pros: genetically different

sexual cons: need at mate

what is cleavage?

zygote rapidly divides without getting larger

what the definition of population and give an example?

group of individuals of same species that live in same area and time

Ex: lakes and islands

what is the founder effect?

genetic drift from new small populations

what is homology

similarities resulting from common ancestory

what is gene flow?

all alleles for all genes in a population at given time

what is biogeography?

past and present distribution of organisms

what are the taxonomic classification from most to least inclusive?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

do kings play chess on fine green silk

what are the three types of cell work?

mechanical, transport, chemical

what is energy?

capacity to cause change

what is kinetic, potential, and conservation?

kinetic: energy of motion

potential: energy because of location or structure

conservation: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

what is heat?

type of kinetic energy from random molecular motion

what is entropy?

amount of disorder or randomness in system

what is chemcial energy?

form of potential energy from arrangement of atoms

what is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in organism

what is the active site?

region of enzyme that fits substrate molecule

what is the enzyme inhibitors?

molecules that disrupt enzyme function

what is passive transport

cell does not use energy

what is diffusion

movement of particles from high to low concentration

what is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

what is isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and what happens to animals’ cell in theses?

isotonic: equal solute- prefect environment

hypotonic: low solute- sweal up

hypertonic: high solute- shrink

what is glycolysis and where does it happen

it happens in the cytoplasm, and it splits glucose into 2 molecules

what happens in the electron transport chain and where does it happen?

it happens in inner membrane of mitochondria and series of proteins complex’s and molecules that transfer electrons from donors.

what is the overall equation for photosynthesis and what’s used and what’s produced?

The overall equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. The process uses carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to produce glucose and oxygen.

what is a autotroph and produces?

An autotroph is an organism that produces its own food

what is heterotrophs and consumers?

energy nutrients from others

what is special about chloroplasts?

its the cite of photosynthesis

what are thylakoids?

membrane sacs

what is chlorophyll?

A green pigment found in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy.

what are stomata?

tiny pores that allow gases

what are the two stages of photosynthesis?

light reactions and Calvin cycle

where does light reaction happen and what does it produce?

The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and produce ATP and NADPH.