motivation and emotion

Emotion

A complex pattern of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant.

Physiological Arousal

in sexuality simply refers to the genital arousal experienced physically in reaction to stimuli. Physiological arousal is distinguished from the subjective experience of sexual arousal.

Expressive Behaviors

suppression is an aspect of emotion regulation. It is a concept "based on individuals' emotion knowledge, which includes knowledge about the causes of emotion, about their bodily sensations and expressive behavior, and about the possible means of modifying them

Conscious Experience

A state of awareness of internal events and of the external environment.

Polygraph

A polygraph, often called a "lie detector," is a machine that measures human responses to questions. Using of monitors attached to a person, it measures heart rate, perspiration, and nervous system arousal to gain a generally reliable estimate of whether or not the subject of the polygraph is being truthful.

Catharsis

a term used in psychodynamic psychology to mean the release of emotion. An example is crying to release sadness.

Motivation

The process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities; includes mechanisms involved in preferences for one activity over another and the vigor and persistence of responses.

Instinct

Preprogrammed tendencies that are essential to a species's survival.

Drive Reduction Theory

Hull's proposal that all behaviour is motivated and that motivation stems from the satisfaction of homeostatic drives (e.g. hunger and thirst). Stimuli (e.g. food and water) that decreases the drives subsequently reinforce the behaviour that led to them.

Homeostasis

a state of equilibrium or balance of the internal conditions of the body.

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

a humanistic psychologist who proposed humanistic psychology as a third force?in reaction to the perspectives of psychoanalysis and behaviourism, and the belief that humans are essentially good. Maslows 'hierachy of needs'proposes a psychological structure of needs and tendencies, whereby basic needs (e.g. hunger) must be satisfied before higher needs (e.g. self-esteem) can be achieved, towards an ultimate goal of self-actualisation.

James-Lange Theory

the idea that the perception of an emotion arousing stimulus leads to a behavioural response that results in differing sensory and motor feedback to the brain, which is interpreted as an emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard proposed their own theory in refutation of the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. According to the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion, emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause-and-effect relationship. Rather, they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event

Schacter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

proposed a two-factor theory of emotion, whereby emotion is experienced as a combination of arousal and attribution (labelling).

Metabolic Rate

pertaining to all chemical functions within the body.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which an individual weighs less than 85 percent of her or his expected weight but still controls eating because of a self-perception of obesity.

Bulimia Nervosa

characterised by secret binge eating followed by vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, excessive exercise, etc., in order to lose weight

Achievement Motivation

is the inclination to persevere at tasks that may be complex or demanding for the individual.

Intrinsic Motivation

motivation based on taking pleasure in an activity rather working towards an external reward.

Extrinsic Motivation

refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which originates inside of the individual

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

is the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace and applies psychological theories and principles to organizations and individuals in their workplace

Reduction theory

Drive-reduction theory was first developed by Clark Hull in 1943. According to this theory, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. These needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.

internal factors

In an internal attribution, people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. In an external, or situational, attribution, people infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors.

external factors

In an external, or situational, attribution, people infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors.