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Vocabulary flashcards for review
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Revolution
A rapid and significant transformation in social, political, or economic systems.
Political Revolution
Originates from Enlightenment thought; Aimed at fundamental shifts in political structures via mass mobilization; Challenged monarchy, aristocracy, and religious authority in favor of representative governance.
Industrial Revolution
Rooted in scientific advances; Represented a shift from agrarian, manual labor-based economies to industrialized, machine-powered ones; Sparked unprecedented connectivity and productivity.
"Taxation without representation"
Colonists rejected British Parliament's authority to impose taxes.
French Revolution Achievements and Legacy
Ended monarchy, feudal privileges, and religious dominance; Expanded political participation and secular state authority; Inspired 19th-century liberalism, nationalism, and constitutionalism.
Haitian Revolution Significance
First black-led republic and second independent country in Western Hemisphere; Abolished slavery permanently; Challenged white supremacy and colonial rule; Inspired global anti-slavery and independence movements; Forced France to abandon American territories (e.g., Louisiana Purchase).
Mechanization
Factory system replaced cottage industry.
Mass production
Division of labor increased efficiency.
Urbanization
Growth of cities, like Manchester.
Labor shifts
Rise in wage labor, child labor, worker exploitation.
Economic Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Boosted global trade and industrial output.
Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
New working classes, unions, gender wage gaps.
Global Inequality (Industrial Revolution impact)
Industrial nations dominated non-industrial regions.
Communication Revolution
Telegraph and cable systems reshaped global connectivity.
Consumerism
A doctrine advocating a continual increase in the consumption of goods as a basis for a sound economy.
Capitalism
An economic system based on wage labour in which the means of production is controlled by private or corporate interests for the purpose of profit, with prices determined largely by competition in a free market.
Communism
A theory that advocates the abolition of private ownership, all property being vested in the community, and the organization of labour for the common benefit of all members; a system of social organization in which this theory is put into practice.
Nationalism
Advocacy of or support for the interests of one's own nation, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Consumer Society
A newer construct where ever-growing consumption becomes the principal aspiration, source of identity, and leisure activity for a significant portion of the population.
Material Culture
Culture expressed through physical objects and architecture.
Adam Smith's Core Idea
Advocating for a system of natural liberty.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist, student of the Scottish Enlightenment, and teacher of moral philosophy.
Elaboration of Adam Smith's Ideas
Laissez-faire; for 'allow to to'.
Karl Marx View of History
History as a manifestation of class relationships, determined by property ownership.
Szostak's view on Nationalism
Identification of the state with ethnicity.
'Imagined Community'
The nation seen as a territorial 'community of nativity' (birth) with a collective memory.
Napoleonic Expansionism
Lead to the first instance of conscription (compulsory enlistment of adult males into the army), vital for 20th-century wars. Militarism helped create a common sense of history and identity in France.
Qing Dynasty
Ethnically Manchu rulers over a Han majority; Controlled vast territory ; Administered through Confucian bureaucracy; Declined throughout the 19th Century due to internal and external pressures.
British Empire in the 19th Century
Dominated the Indian subcontinent through trade and military power.
French Empire in the 19th Century
Dominated Indochina (modern-day Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam).
Russian Empire in the 19th Century
Conquered Siberia in earlier centuries; 19th century saw push into Central Asia.
Japanese Empire in the 19th Century
Rapid modernization, centralization, and industrialization. By late 19th century, emerged as an imperial power.
Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in 1853-54
Force Japan to open its ports, exposing it to Western technology and the imminent threat of colonization.
Fukoku kyohei
Rich country, strong army.
Japanese Expansion into Korea, Taiwan and Manchuria
Served as triggers for Japanese leaders to believed that controlling neighboring regions would serve as defensive buffer zones.
Outcome of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)
Japan’s victory shocked the world by recognition of Korean independence (paving the way for future annexation).
Certain Key Factors Throughout Empires
Embraced and expressed as The pursuit of resources and markets for financial gain, the securing of borders against perceived and/or potential enemies and the Need to maintain the powerful self-image of an empire, often tied to nationalist sentiments.
Imperialism
The creation and maintaining of hegemonic influence of varying degrees over foreign entities and states.
Recap (Global Connections)
The origins of imperialism are deeply rooted in trade and the pursuit of profit and power.
World War I (WWI)
Also known as the Great War, from 1914 to 1918.
League of Nations
Created to maintain peace and collective security, but it failed due to; Lack of enforcement mechanisms (no army), Key absences for failing to act and Poor responses to aggression.
First World
Economic system of USA, aligned, capitalist countries.
Second World
Economic system of USSR-aligned, communist countries.
Third World
Economic systems of economic independence from Cold War blocs.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I.
Great Depression
A severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.
Rise of Fascism
A political ideology and mass movement that sought to regenerate the social, political, and cultural life of a nation, especially as distinguished from communism.
Benito Mussolini
Italian political leader who became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945.
Adolf Hitler
German politician and leader of the Nazi Party who became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and Führer in 1934.
Appeasement
A diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.
World War II (WWII)
A global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.
The Holocaust
A genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews.
The Cold War
A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, from 1947 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Proxy Wars
Conflicts in which major powers use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly.
Decolonization
The process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through flows of goods, services, capital, people, and information.
Supranational Organizations
International
American Revolution
A conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America, resulting in American independence.
Causes of the American Revolution
Fueled by Enlightenment ideals and colonial grievances against British policies like taxation without representation.
Key Figures of the American Revolution
Key figures include George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin.
Outcome of the American Revolution
Established the United States of America as an independent republic, influencing future democratic movements.
French Revolution
A period of social and political upheaval in late 1700's France, ultimately overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republic.
Causes of the French Revolution
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, social inequality, and economic crisis.
Key Events of the French Revolution
Key events include the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Key Figures of the French Revolution
Key figures include Maximillian Robspierre, King Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette.
Outcome of the French Revolution
Led to the end of the monarchy, the rise of nationalism, and the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe.