INTRO TO MED CRAM

Endogenous T cell priming pathway MHC class and T cell

MHC class 1

CD8+ will recognice

Exogenous T cell priming pathway MHC class

MHC class 2

CD4+ will recognise and activate B cells and macrophages (phagocytosis)

Macrophage is what type of T cell

Th1

B cell is what type of T cell

Th2

Shorthand for T helper cell

Th

Shorthand for cytotoxic T cell

CTL

Antibody that B cells secrete

IgM

What happens at Fab region of antibody

Antigen binds

Variable region

What happens at Fc region of antibody

Binds to phagocytes

It is the constant region

Pros of pentameter form of IgM

More antigenicity

Can bind to more antigens at a time

2 types of IgA and key feature to note

Secretory (breast milk)

Serum (triggers inflammation)

Features of IgD

dont know

Receptors on B cell

What does IgE do

Allergies

Parasitic worms

IgG indicates what type of infection

Past infection

IgM indicates what type of infection

Current infection

Which antibody can cross placenta

IgG

What is IgG involved in

opsonins

complement

What is IgM involved in

Complement

Whats isotope switching

B cell changes the class of antibody that it makes

IgM is the default, it changes to something else, without changing the antigen specificity.

This is because the Fab region (antigen binding site) is unchanged. The Fc region is what changes and thus the class changes.

What indicates the subset of T cell

Type of cytokine (interleukin)

3 signals needed for T cell activation

1. Antigen recognition

2. Costimulatory molecules

3. Cytokines

Sympathetic nerve lengths

Short pre gang

Long post gang

Parasympathetic nerve lengths

Long pre gang

Short post gang

Pre gang for all nerves is what

Nic (ligand gated)

Ach

Post gang for sympathetic nerves

alpha or beta

NA

Exception to Post gang for sympathetic nerves rule

Sweat glands

Uses Ach at M3

Post gang for parasympathetic nerves

Mus

Ach

Exception to Post gang for parasympathetic nerves rule

NANC uses NO for male genitalia

Cell responsible for defence in NS

microglia

Role of astroglia generally

Maintain the biochemical environment

FunctionS of astoglia

• Tells capillaries to form BBB

• Forms sheets to swaddle nerve cells

• Transports substances

• Carries away toxins

What offers physical protection to the brain

BBB

Cerebrospinal fluid (shock absorption)

Meninges (Dura, arachnoid, pia)

2 types of glial cells

Oligodendrocytes

Neurolemmocytes

Wheres oligodendrocytes found

CNS

Wheres neurolemmocytes found

PNS

Role of frontal lobe

Speech

Movement

Thinking

Role of parietal lobe

Sensing

Role of occipital lobe

Vision

Role of temporal lobe

Hearing

Emotions

Role of hippocampus

Thinking

Where are visceral afferents relevant

ANS

Fine motor and vision milestone for newborn

Focus 35cm away

Fine motor and vision milestone for 3 months

Look at own hands

Fine motor and vision milestone for 10 months

Holding and pinching

Gross motor milestone for newborn

Move head side to side

Gross motor milestone for 4 months

Hold head up

Roll around

Gross motor milestone for 12 months

Walk

Speech milestone for 6 months

Babble

Social milestone for 6 weeks

face recognition

Social milestone for 6 months

spontaneous smile

Social milestone for 7 months

recognise strangers

What happens at A1 receptors SNS

Heart vasoconstriction

Pupil dilation

Which receptor is for uptake in adrenergic transmission

A2

Receptor for inc heart rate SNS

B1

Receptor for bronchodilation SNS

B2

Receptor for lipolysis SNS

B3

Adipose tissue

Heart uses which receptor to dec heart rate rate PNS

M2

inhibitory

everything else is M3 Gq

Colour for gram positive

Purple

Colour for gram negative

Red

Where is staphyloccocus aureus commensal and where is it a pathogen

nose

post op wound

5 cardinal signs of inflammation (local symptoms)

rubor

dolor

functio laesa

calor

tumour

systemic symptoms of acute inflammation

fever

inc neutrophil number

inc CRP

inc fibrinogen

sepsis??

herpesviridae (type 1) transmission

oral

herpes simplex type 2 transmission

STI

Transmission of epstein barr

oral contact

symptom of epstein barr

glandular fever

swollen glands

order or bloods after centrifuging top to bottom

plasma

buffy coat WBC

RBC

define granulocyte

granules

define mononuclear

no granules

normal nucleus

define polymorphonuclear

multilobed nucleus

name the polymorphonuclear granulocyte

neutrophil

name granulocytes

neutrophil

eosinophil (allergies)

basophils (haem processes)

name mononuclear cells

monocytes

lymphocytes

features of platelets

cytoplasmic fragments

no nucleus

membrane bound

has granules

difference between plasma and serum

plasma has clotting factors

serum is whats left after clotting

structure of Hb

protein tetramer

alpha chains x 2

beta chains x2

each with a haem molecule

how to find haematocrit

volume of RBC/ total volume of cells

normal total blood volume

5l

normal plasma volume

2.5 to 3l

normal haematocrit value

0.4 to 0.5

stages of first month of pregnancy

1. cleavage (makes morula)

2. compaction (makes blastocyst)

3. hatching (sheds zona pellucida for implanting)

4. gastrulation (forms trilaminar embryo)

5. neurulation (forms CNS)

layers of bilaminar embryo

epiblast

hypoblast

whats inside the blastocyst

ICM

trophoblast

ICM forms

embryonic tissue

trophoblast forms

extra embryonic tissue

layers of trilaminar embryo

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

ectoderm gives rise to

skin CNS

mesoderm gives rise to

muscles and skeleton and CVS

endoderm gives rise to

living or GI and resp

why would dizygotic twins be in separate chorionic sacs

they implant separate

why would monozygotic twins share an amnion

2 primitive streaks formed

why would monozygotic twins share a chorion but not am amnion (2 amnion)

ICM split so 2 embryo disks forms

how would conjoined twins happen

ICM or primitive streak split PARTIALLY

hormones from posterior pituitary gland

oxytocin

ADH

hormones from anterior pituitary gland

trophic: for growth

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

non trophic:
GH
PRL

which hormone is water soluble

peptide

which hormone is lipophilic

steroid or thyroid

peptide hormone synthesis

normal protein synthesis makes a pre-prohormone

meaning: signal seq, hormone, peptide sequence

pre = signal seq so that needs to get cleaved off once we’re at the destination within the cell

synthesis of thyroid hormones

1. Iodide is taken up into thyroid follicular cells.

2. It is oxidised by the enzyme TPO (thyroid peroxidase).

3. Iodine binds to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, forming MIT and DIT.

4. These combine to make T₃ (MIT + DIT) and T₄ (DIT + DIT).

5. The hormones are stored in the colloid (inside the follicle).

6. When TSH stimulates the thyroid, T₃ and T₄ are released into the blood.

synthesis of steroid hormones

trophic hormone uses PKA to make cholesterol and StAR

StAR causes cholesterol uptake into mitochondria

cholesterol turns into pregnenolone via P450cc and then into other hormones