Psych major assessment 2 (INCOMPLETE)

sensory receptors

specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli

sensation

occurs when sensory receptors detect stimuli

transduction

when sensory receptors detect a stimuli, they convert that energy into an action potential which is sent to the CNS

absolute threshold

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

just noticable difference (JND)

the minimum difference in stimuli required to detect a change or difference between stimulus

Perception

the way that sensory information is interpreted, organized, and consciously experienced

bottom-up processeing

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

top-down processing

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

bottom-up and top-down

What are the two forms of processing in perception?

sensory adaption, attention, motivation, beliefs, life/cultural experiences

What are the three factors that affect perception?

Sensory adaption

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

inattentional blindness

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention

signal detection theory

change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

waves

visual and auditory stimuli occur in ____

frequency

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

By wavelength (longer = red, shorter = blue/violet)

How is the color of light determined?

loudness or brightness

What does the amplitude of sound and light waves represent?

it changes the pitch

how does the frequency of soundwaves affect the sound?

pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea, optic nerve

What are the six main parts of the eye?

fovea, photoreceptors, blind spot

What are the three components of the retina?

fovea

contains photoreceptors

lens

focuses light

blind spot

a point of no receptors

cones

photopic (daytime) vision

rods

scotopic (nighttime) vision

the “what” and the “where/how”

What are the two visual pathways?

trichromatic theory of color vision

says that all colors can be produced by combining red, green, and blue

opponent process theory

says that color is coded in opponent pairs(black/white, yellow/blue, green/red)

afterimage

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

depth perception

our ability to percieve spacial relationships in 3D

binocular cues

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

binocular disparity

slightly different view of the world that each eye recieves

monocular cues

cue that relies on only one eye

linear perspecive

when two parallel lines seem to converge

interposition

the partial overlap of objects

auricle/pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane

What 3 parts make up the outer ear?

auricle/pinna

the visible portion of the ear

auditory canal

passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

a thin, circular layer of tissue that separates your outer ear from your middle ear

malleus, incus, stapes (mallet, anvil, stirrup)

What three parts make up the middle ear?

cochlea, basilar membrane

What two parts make up the inner ear?

cochlea

a fluid-filled, spiral-shaped cavity found in the inner ear that plays a vital role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction

basilar membrane

a membrane that extends from the margin of the bony shelf of the cochlea to the outer wall; has hairs that vibrate

temporal theory

theory that says that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

place theory

a theory that says that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies

monaural cues

each ear interacts with incoming sound waves differently

binaural cues

provide information on the location of sound along a horizontal axis

interaural level difference

sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear

interaural timing difference

small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

congenital deafness

deafness from birth

conductive hearing loss

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles

sensorineural hearing loss

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

taste buds

groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude int othe central pore of the taste bud

vestibular sense

 a sense that contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

proprioception

body position

kinesthesia

the perception of the body’s movement through space

gestalt psychology

the whole is different than the sum of its parts

figure-ground relationship

the idea that we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground (background)

unlearned behaviors

behaviors that we know automatically

reflexes

motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus

instincts

behaviors triggered by a broader range of events

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

associative learning

an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together

classical conditioning

process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

Pavlov

Who is the figure of classical conditioning?

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

unconditioned response

natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus

neutral stimulus

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

UCR

NS + UCS = ?

conditioned response

behavior caused by conditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

elicits a response after being paired with UCS

higher order conditioning

an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

acquisition

the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a NS and US

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS

spontaneous recovery

return of previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

stimulus discrimination

an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

stimulus generalization

an organism demonstrates the CR to stimuli that are like the CS

habituation

learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

John B. Watson

Who is the figure of behaviorism?

behaviorism

used principles of classical conditioning in the study of human emotion

Operant conditioning

organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence

B.F. Skinner

Who is the figure for operant conditioning?

reinforcement

increase behavior

punishment

decrease behavior

positive

adding something

negative

taking something away

shaping

instead of rewarding only the target behavior, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior

primary reinforcers

those that have innate reinforcing qualities, value does not need to be learned

secondary reinforcers

have no inherent value, value is learned

continuous reinforcement

when an organism gets a reward each time

partial reinforcement

when an organism does not get a reward each time

interval

time between reinforcement

ratio

based on number of responsese between reinforcement

cognitive map

a mental picture of the layout of an environment

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is reason to demonstrate it

observational learning

learning by watching others then imitating

model

the individual performing the imitated behavior

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

What are the four parts of the social learning theory?

vicarious reinforcement

the observer sees the model rewarded, observer more likely to imitate

vicarious punishment

the observer sees model punished, observer less likely to imitate