Chapter 2: The Respiratory and Speech Production

The Pulmonary Apparatus

made up of lungs, airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

• Function: conducts oxygen to lungs and carbon dioxide from lungs

• Bronchial Tree

  • inverted tree: trachea is the trunk bronchi and bronchioles are the branches and trees

Muscles of Respiration

• primary

  • Diaphragm, intercostals (external + internal)

• Accessory

  • Neck muscles

    • scalenes

    • sternocleidomastoid

  • Thorax muscle s

    • costal levators

    • pectoralis major + minor

    • serratus anterior, posterior inferior, posterior superior

    • subclavius

    • subcostals

    • transverse abdominal

  • Abdominal Muscles

    • external + internal obliques

    • rectus abdominis

    • transverse abdominal

Purpose of Respiration

• Ventilation: moving air into and out of lungs

• Exchange of Gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide from lungs

• Voice Production: vibration of vocal folds during exhalation

Pleural Linkage

• Pleurae: parietal (externala) and visceral (inner) pleura

• pleural space: contains pleural fluid, aids in lung expansion and contraction

• pressures: intrapleural pressure (Ppl), alveolar pressure (Palv) and transpulmonary pressure

Inhalation

diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases, Palv becomes negative

Exhalation

diaphragm relaxes, thoracic cavity volume decreases, Palv becomes positive

Spirometer

instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities

Vital Capacities

maximum amount of air on a deep inhale + exhale

• most important for speech production, measured in relation to REL(resting expiratory level)

Breathing

for life-sustaining purposes, inhalation if 40% and exhalation is 60% of the respiratory cycle

Speech Breathing

for speech production, inhalation is 10% and exhalation is 90% of the respiratory cycle

breathing patterns in children

smaller airways, generates higher pressures for speech

breathing patterns in older adults

anatomical and physiological changes, but still able to maintain adequate respiratory support for speech

Respiratory System

the system responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide

Pulmonary Apparatus

includes includes the lungs and airways such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Chest Wall

composed of rib cage, abdominal wall, and diaphragm

Pleural Linkage

the connection between the lungs and the thorax that aids in lung expansion and contraction

Spirometer

an instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities

Inhalation

the act of taking air into the lungs

Exhalation

the act of releasing air from the lungs

Lung Volumes

measurements that reflect the amount of air in the lungs during different phases of the respiratory cycle

Lung Capacities

combinations of 2 or more lung volumes that reflect different aspects of lung function

Boyle’s Law

a principle that describes the inverse relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas

Speech Breathing

the regulation of breathing for voice and speech production

Tidal Volume

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath

Functional Residual Capacity

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

Total Lung Capacity

the total volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inhalation

Residual Volume

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

Spirometry

the measurement of lung volumes and capacities using a spirometer

Pleural Pressure

the pressure within the pleural cavity

Intrapulmonary Pressure

the pressure within the lungs

Respiratory Cycle

the complete cycle of inhalation and exhalation

Phonation

the production of sound by vocal fold vibration in the larynx

Articulation

the movement of the speech organs to produce speech sounds

Resonance

the quality of the voice that is determined by the vibratory pattern of the vocal folds and the size and shape of the vocal tract