Psych 255 Exam 1

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76 Terms

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Evidence-based treatments
Therapies that are supported by research
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Empiricism
Involves using evidence from the senses
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Theory
Set of statements that describes general principles about how variable relate to one another
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Hypothesis
Prediction, the specific outcome the researcher will observe in the study if the theory is accurate
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Data
Set of observations
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Preregistered
The expected outcome is said before the results are found
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Theory Data Cycle
Theory—research question—research design—hypothesis—preregistered—data
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Replication
The study is conducted again to test consistency
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Weight of evidence
The collection of studies, including replications of the same theory
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Falsifiability
The hypothesis could fail to support the theory
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Merton’s scientific norms
Universalism, communality, disinterestedness, organized skepticism
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Basic research
Enhance general body of knowledge rather than address a specific practical problem
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Translational research
Uses what is learned from basic research and translates it to health care, psychotherapy, or other forms of treatment or intervention
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Applied research
Done with a practical problem in mind and is conducted in a local, real world context
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Comparison group
Enables us to compare what would happened both with or without a variable
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Confederate
Actor playing a specific role for the experimenter
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Proballistic
Research result finding do not explain all cases all of the time
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Availability heuristic
Things that pop easily into mind tend to sway our thinking
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Present/present bias
Failure to consider appropriate comparison groups

Ex. Only looking at those who succeeded with treatment
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Confirmation bias
Only look for information that we want to believe

Ex. Cherry Picking
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Bias blind spot
Belief we will not call into biases at all
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Empirical journal articles
The results of a research study
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Review journal articles
Summarize and integrate all the published studies that have been done in a research area
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Meta-analysis
Combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes the magnitude or effect size of a relationship
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Components of an empirical journal article
\-abstract

\-introduction

\-method

\-results

\-discussion

\-references
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Variables
Something that varies
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Constant
Something that could change, but only has one level in the study
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Conceptual variables
The abstract names of what is going to be studied
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Operational variables
Concept turned into a measured or manipulated variable
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Claim
Argument one is trying to make
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Frequency claim
The rate of a single variable

\-1 DV

\-construct, external, statistical validity
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Association Claim
Is there a correlation between two variables?

\-2 DV

\-construct, external, statistical validity
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Positive association
High with high and low with low
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Negative association
High with low or low with high
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Causal claims
One variable is responsible for changing the other

\-1 DV and 1 IV

\-all four validities
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Validity
The appropriateness of a conclusion or decision

Is it reasonable, accurate, and justifiable
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Construct validity
How well a conceptual variable is operationalized, is the test measuring what is says it’s measuring
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Generalizability
How well do the participants represent the overall population
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External validity
How well the results reflect the larger population
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Statistical validity
Do the stats match what I am trying to accomplish?

Are the numbers significant?
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Confidence interval
Margin that includes the range for the entire population
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Internal validity
Is there anything else that might account for the data?
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Covariance
As A changes, B also changes
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Temporal precedence
The causal variable comes before the effect variable
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Experiment
One variable is manipulated and the other is measured
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Debriefing
Ensure the participants are informed of the study’s hypothesis
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Principle of respect for persons
Autonomy of the research subject, informed consent
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Beneficence
Protect participants from harm, confidential, do the benefits of the study outweighs the risks?
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Justice
Are the participants representative of the population, is there a balance between the participants and the researchers
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Institutional Review Board
Committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles
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Deception
Can withhold information through omission or commission of information
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Data fabrication
Data is invented
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Data falsification
Data is influenced by the researchers, they might delete data
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Openness
Open access to the information
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Transparency
Everything is reported
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Self report measure
Recording people’s answers to questions about themselves
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Observational measure
Recording observable behavior or physical traces of behaviors
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Physiological measures
Biological data
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Categorical variables
Qualitative data
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Quantitative variables
Numbers have meaning
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Ordinal scale
Ranked numbers, uneven intervals
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Interval scale
No true zero, equal intervals
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Ratio scale
True zero
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Reliability
How consistent the results of a measure are
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Test-retest reliability
The same outcome will occur after multiple tests
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Interrater reliability
Consistent scores across multiple researchers and studies
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Internal reliability
Consistent answers, no matter how it is phrased
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Correlation coefficient
Indicate how close the scatter plot dots are
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Average inter-item correlation
Average of all the correlations
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Cronbach’s Alpha
Combines AIC and the number of items on a scale
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Face validity
It looks like what you want to measure
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Content validity
Measure contains all the parts your theory says it should contain
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Criterion validity
The measure is correlated with a relevant behavioral outcome
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Known groups paradigm
Can scores discriminate groups
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Convergent validity
Self report is strongly associated with self report of SIMILAR concepts
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Discrimination validity
Self report measure is less strongly associated with self report measures of DISSIMILAR constructs