Child language and literacy

Linguistics

The study of language it’s structure and the rules that govern its structure

Morphology

Study of word structure

Morpheme

Smallest meaningful unit of language

Free morphemes

Words that have meaning & can have other morphemes added to them

Bound morphemes

Cannot convey meaning by themselves & must be joined with free morphemes

Prefix

Added to the beginning of a base morpheme

Suffix

Added at the end of a base morpheme

Allomorphs

Variations of morphemes & do not alter the meaning

Derivational morphemes

Prefixes and suffixes that change whole classes of words

Syntax

Study of sentence structure

Passive sentences

The subject receives the action of the verb

Active sentences

The subject performs the action of the verb

Interrogative

Questions

Declarative

Make statements

Imperatives

State commands

Exclamatory

Expressed strong feelings

Complex sentence

Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction, or by a semicolon

Independent clause

Has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone

Complex sentence

Contains one independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses

Dependent clause

Has a subject and predicate, but cannot stand alone

Semantics

The study of meaning in language

World knowledge

A person’s autobiographical and experiential memory and understanding of particular events

Word Knowledge

Primarily verbal and contains word and symbol definitions

Fast mapping

Children’s ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it

Cohesion

The ability to order an organize utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another

Politeness

Indirect speech acts, or requests are used to convey_____

Discourse

How utterances are related to one another; has to do with the connected flow of language

Narratives

______ Are a form of discourse Where the speaker tells a story

Culture

Pragmatic skills are heavily influenced by_____

Child directed speech

Speech that includes several characteristics that help babies attend and respond to what they are hearing

Holophrastic

One word is used to communicate a variety of meanings

50

Most children produce _____ Words by 18 months of age

18 - 24

By ____ They begin to put two words together

2 years

At ____ Three or four responses

200 - 300

At two years a child uses______ words Expressively

24

At____ months The child uses “and” to form a conjoined sentence

Semantic relations

Utterances that reflect meaning based on relationships between different words

Perlocutionary Behavior

“Signals” have an effect on the listener or observer, but lack communicative, intent

illocutionary behavior

Signaling to carry out some socially organized action, such as pointing and laughing

Locutionary stage

When a child begins to use words

Joint reference

The ability to focus attention on an event or object as directed by another person

Presuppositions

Expressions that have shared meaning for the listener and speaker

Comprehension

______ Usually precedes production

2400, 200 -600

At 30 months, the child comprehends up to _____ words and expresses _____ words

3600

By each three, the child comprehends up to_____ words

Objects, event, Actions, adjectives, adverbs, spatial concepts, temporal concepts

Meanings seem to be learned in Sequence:

20%

A three-year-old can sustain the topic of conversation only about_____ of the time

Preliteracy skills

Foundational to later reading & writing in school

Phonological awareness

A child specific ability to detect and manipulate sounds and syllables and words

Print knowledge

Refers to children’s emergent knowledge about functions and forms of written language

Morphological awareness

The recognition understanding in use of word parts that carry significance

Verbal behavior

A form of social behavior maintained by the actions of A verbal community

Language acquisition device

Specialized language processor that is A physiological part of the brain

Phonological processing

Ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language, such as word, rhyming words, segmentation, certification, etc.

Temporal auditory processing

The ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that comprise speech and track changes and these events as they happen quickly and the speech of other people

Auditory discrimination

Enable children to identify differences between sound stimuli

Auditorium attention

Ability to ignore irrelevant acoustic, stimuli, and focus on important information

Auditory memory

Ability to mentally store speech stimuli or remember what one has heard

Auditory rate

The ability to process acoustic stimuli that are presented at different rates or speeds

Auditory sequencing

The ability to identify the temporal order in which auditory stimuli occur