CHAPTER 5 BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION & POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

How did genetic engineering revolutionize medicine?

By enabling bacteria to produce human proteins like insulin, growth, and blood-clot dissolving enzyme.

What is the donor plasmid?

Small, circular DNA molecule isolated from E. coli bacteria.

What are Restriction enzymes?

Molecular scissors that cleave precise DNA fragment insertion.

What are DNA ligases?

Molecular glue that seals DNA strands together.

Where do foreign DNA come from?

The gene of interest isolated from various sources including other bacteria, animal tissues (mouse), or human cells.

What is a chimera?

The recombinant plasmid created when foreign DNA combines with the donor plasmid at the restriction point.

What does CaCl2 solution do to cells?

Open cell walls and membranes, permits chimera entry into bacteria cytoplasm, allows cooling and membrane resealing.

How does the host bacteria reproduce quickly?

by generating a colony of identical cells

How can recombinant proteins be used?

can be harvested from bacterial cultures for medical use.

How did PCR revolutionize medicine?

What are primers?

What are dNTPs?

What is Taq DNA polymerase?

What are the three steps of PCR?

What temp does denaturation occur at?

What happens during the denaturation phase?

What temp does annealing phase?

What temp does elongation happen at?

What happens during the annealing phase?

What occurs during elongation stage?

How does PCR multiply? (mathematical formula)

How many cycles of PCR are typical?