Botany Week 7 Quiz (Photosynthesis, Maple Syrup,

Sugar maple

Ideal tree for maple syrup harvest

4-5 feet off ground

Where to tap in a tree

2.5”

How deep should you drill?

10”

Every…. In circumference, You can add another tap on the tree

Bulges

Aim for … in the tree

(Arteries)

Spile

Peg used to extract syrup (looks like a spout)

clear

Color of maple sap

If cloudy… maple season is over (bitter)

Sugar + water

What is sap?

Roots

Sap stored in the…

Up thru xylem + phloem

Where does sap go and how does it get there?

Nutrients

Sap provides ____ so the tree can grow new flowers and leaves

Opposite

Maple leaf arrangement

Warm days following cold nights

What makes the sap rise?

2, 98

Sap % is sugar, water

Sugarbush

The woods that contain the sugar maples

The evaporator

Where sap runs thru series of trays, gets heated to different levels, to evaporate the water off OR kettle over open flame (skim off froth)

Maillard reaction

Chemical reaction that occurs when making maple syrup

Grade A vs B

Lighter vs darker syrup

Natural flavoring

Can include campfire ashes, snowflakes, and even gnats + ants

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert sunlight energy into food energy

Respiration

The intake and use of oxygen to create CO2, water, and energy

Opposite of photosynthesis

Metabolism

Sum of all interrelated biochemical processes in an organism

110 - 220 billion tons

Sugar produced by photosynthetic organisms in the world each year

94%

Photosynthesis provides __of a plant’s total dry weight

Sugar

Plants make ___ for short term storage

Starch

Plants make ___ for long term storage

CO2

Enters leaf via stomata

Enters into solution in film of water outside cells

Diffuses into cytoplasm

Same rate as used

CO2 produced by natural processes at roughly…

20%

CO2 piped into greenhouses increase plant growth by up to…

Visible light (400-700)

Light used in photosynthesis

Forest floor plants

Require 2% full daylight

Shade plants

Require 10% full daylight

Open land plants

Require 30% full daylight

Trees in the open

nearly full daylight

Magnesium

A … end captures light

Lipid tail

A … anchors into the thylakoid membrane

Chlorophyll a

Blue green color, usually 3x more plentiful

Chlorophyll b

Yellow-green color

Expands light range over which photosynthesis can occur

Passes absorbed energy onto Chl b

Photosynthetic unit

Grouping of 250-400 pigment molecules that forms a light-harvesting complex

Antenna molecules

Light harvesting pigments

Hibiscus

Simple leaves with alternate arrangement

2 stages of photosynthesis

light independent reactions, light dependent reactions (both occur simultaneously)

light dependent reactions

1. photons strike chlorophyll molecules within the thylakoid membrane

2. water molecules split releasing electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen

3. electrons get passed along an electron transport system

4. ATP is produced

5. NADP reduced to NADPH for light-independent reactions

light independent reactions

1. direct light is not required

2. take place in stroma

3. use ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions

4. includes the calvin cycle

   1. CO2 combines w/ RuBP to produce sugars (i.e., glucose)

Absorption spectrum

The particular range of light waves over which a pigment absorbs light

raised

effect of light absorption: energy level of electrons gets…

photosystem

a photosynthetic unit that has a specific peak absorption wavelength

photosynthetic unit

grouping of 250-400 pigments molecules that forms a light-harvesting complex

comprised of antennal pigments that harvest light and a reaction center that uses the light

photosystem II

comes first. photosystem with a reaction center of P680 (peak absorption at 680 nm)

photosystem I

photosystem w/ a reaction center of P700

occurs after II

photolysis

water-splitting process initiated by light energy

photolysis chain reaction

1. electrons temporarily excited to a higher energy level by light

2. excited electrons passed on to an electron-acceptor called pheophytin

3. electrons then passed to plastoquinone

4. electrons then passed along an electron transport system consisting of cytochromes to Photosystem I

cytochrcomes

iron-containing pigments

chemiosmosis

movement of protons from the thylakoid lumen across the thylakoid membrane and into the stroma

phosphorylation

production of ATP from ADP following influx of protons into the stroma

photosystem I

1. light absorption by P700 excites electrons

2. excited electrons passed to electron-acceptor ferredoxin (Fd)

3. electrons then passed to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

4. NADP reduced to NADPH

5. electrons lost from P700 are replaced by incoming electrons from the electron transport system

Calvin Cycle

series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose

Calvin Cycle steps

1. 6 molecules of CO2 from the air combine w/ 6 RuBP w/ aid of rubisco

2. eventually forms 12 molecules of 3-PGA

3. donated electrons reduce 3PGA

4. ten GA3P molecules are restricted into RuBp

5. results in net gain of 2 GA3P molecules which can be converted to carbohydrates or used to make lipids or amino acids

Photorespiration

process in which plants use oxygen during daylight and use CO2 (like humans)

c3 plants to survive

Photorespiration allows … during hot, dry conditions when stomata are closed and O2 is more likely to accumulate + damage tissues

C3 plant

a plant that is produces the 3-carbon compound 3PGA as the first product in the Calvin cycle

C4 plant

a plant that produces a 4-carbon compound as the 1st product in the Calvin cycle

ex. TROPICAL grasses and plants of ARID regions (sugarcane, corn)

Kranz anatomy

a specialized internal leaf structure found in C4 plants

mesophyll has smaller chloroplasts w/ well-defined grana

bundle sheath cells w/ large chloroplasts and numerous starch grains

C3 vs C4

C4 plants photosynthesize at higher temps than C3 plants

CAM photosynthesis

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

stomata closed during day

mostly found in succulents

temperature, water, oxygen

factors affecting rate of respiration

temperature

increase from 20 C to 30 C, respiration rates double

water

medium in which enzymatic reactions take place

low water content - respiration rate reduced

oxygen

reduction in oxygen - respiration and growth rates decline

assimilation

conversion of organic matter produced in photosynthesis into cellular contents

sugars transformed into lipids, proteins, or other carbohydrates

digestion

conversion of starch and other carbohydrates into soluble forms

occurs within the cells