AP Bio Quiz - 2.1, 2.9, 2.10

Where does carbon fixation occur?

Chloroplast

What is a photosystem?

The light capturing component of the chloroplast. Responsible for the energy absorbing part of phytosynthesis.

How are thylakoids organized?

Small sacks in stacks called grand

How does an increased surface area increase efficiency of the rough ER

It allows for more locations for the ribosomes to bind and more locations for protein synthesis

What are the roles of the Rough ER?

Protein synthesis, compartmentalization, intracellular transport, mechanical support

What is the storma comparable with?

Cytosol

Where is chlorophyll found?

Thylakoid

What is the function of double membrane in mitochondria?

Provides compartments for metabolic processes

Where do the light dependent reactions take place?

Thylakoid

What is the function of hydrolytic enzymes?

Break down macromolecules

What is the function of the electron transport chain and where is it?

Takes place in the mitochondrial crate and thylakoid membrane. It functions to generate a protein gradient for ATP synthesis.

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Matrix

Where does the light independent process take place?

Stroma

Where are photosystems located?

Thylakoid

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

The cristae is highly folded, what is the significance?

Increased surface area

Where does the cellular ATP synthesis occur?

Cristae

Where does the ATP for G3P synthesis occur?

Thylakoid

Which organelle is responsible for apoptosis?

Lysosomes

What is turgor pressure?

Pressure from the cell wall being “overfilled”.

What process takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Oxidative phosphorylations

Which of the following aids in the turgor pressure in plants?

Vacuole

Where is ATP synthesized in plant cells?

Chloroplast & Mitochondria

Two locations of ribosomes and their functions

Free in the cytoplasm producing cytosolic proteins.Or bound to the rough ER to help function in protein synthesis.

Which organelle is responsible for digestion of macromolecules

Lysosome

What binds to the large subunit of a ribosome?

tRNA

Which organelle with highly folded cristae for ATP synthesis?

Mitochondria

Which organelle was the role of detoxification?

Smooth ER

Which organelle stores calcium?

Smooth ER

What makes up ribosomes?

rRNA and Proteins

The relationship between ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi

mRNA binds to the ribosome to begin translation. The ribosome moves to the membrane of the rough ER to continue protein synthesis, After synthesis the rough ER packages protein is a vesicle that leads to the Golgi to be modified before leaving the cell. 

Which organelle synthesizes proteins for secretion or membrane bound?

Rough ER

Which organelle has the role of intracellular digestion?

Lysosome

Which organelle that aids in turgid pressure in plant cells?

Central Vacuole

What binds to the small subunit of a ribosome?

mRNA

Which organelle fuses with lysosome?

Food vacuole

Which organelle is responsible for modification of proteins?

Golgi

Which organelle is produces by Rough ER and Golgi after their function?

Transport vesicle

Three types of RNA and their functions

mRNA - binds to ribosome to provide a sequence that is read to synthesize a polypeptide. rRNA - binds with protein to make the ribosome. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome to allow for translation.

How does a contractile vacuole function in osmoregulation?

It pushes water out of the organism as water rushes in to inhibit cell from lysing

Which organelle sorts, modifiers, and packages protein products?

Golgi

Which organelle is responsible for detoxification and storage of Ca2+?

Smooth ER

Which organelle with highly folded thylakoid for ATP synthesis?

Chloroplast

What makes up ribosomes?

rRNA and Proteins

Which organelle synthesizes cytosolic proteins?

Free Ribosomes

Why must the cell be compartmentalized?

To allow for the increased size of the cell.

How are eukaryotic cells larger than prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound and compartmentalized organelles.

Which organelles are highly folded?

Rough ER, Golgi, mitochondria, chloroplast

What is the function of the membrane in lysosome?

To separate the hydrolytic enzymes from the cytosol of the cell.

What is the function of increased surface area in mitochondria?

More sites for oxidative phosphorylation 

How is the lysosome formed?

Hydrolytic enzymes are synthesized in the Rough ER. The enzymes are packaged in the Golgi bodies. Then when it buds from the Golgi, the lysosome is formed.

What is the function of the increased surface area in Golgi Bodies?

More sites for protein modification

Which process takes place on the thylakoid membrane?

Light reactions

Which process takes place on the cristae of the mitochondria?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the function of the increase in surface area of the rough ER?

More sites for protein synthesis

Which of the following does not have a large surface area?

Lysosome

Do prokaryotes have regions with specialized structures and functions?

Yes

Are the mitochondria and chloroplast theorized to by endosymbionts?

Yes

Major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles.

What evidence do we have of endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplast - Similar size, circular DNA, divide by binary fission, ribosomes similar

What was engulfed first…

Chemosynthetic prokaryote

How are eukaryotic cells able to be larger?

Membrane bound organelles, compartmentalization.

Evidence of the mitochondria and/or chloroplast being an edosymbiont

circular DNA, ribosomes, binary fission, double membrane

Eukaryotic cells are

Larger

Do prokaryotes have regions with specialized structure and functions?

Yes

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Ancestral eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell.

What evidence of you have the chemosynthetic prokaryotes were engulfed first>

All eukaryotes have a mitochondria but not all eukaryotes have a chloroplast.

Prokaryotes all have

Ribosomes

Chemosynthetic prokaryotes were

Engulfed first