Carbajal AP World First Semester Final

Champa Rice

Drought-resistant strain from Vietnam, increased food production in China.

Scholar Gentry

Educated officials in imperial China, attained positions through education.

Filial Piety

Confucian virtue emphasizing respect for parents and ancestors.

Grand Canal

Massive waterway in ancient China, connected Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.

Song Dynasty

Period of economic and cultural advancements in China (960-1279).

Imperial Bureaucracy

System of government administration employing officials selected through exams.

Civil Service Exam

Assessment system in ancient China to select officials based on merit.

Woodblock Printing

Technique revolutionizing book production through carved wooden stamps.

Foot Binding

Practice in China to break women's feet, promoting traditional patriarchy.

Theravada Buddhism

Oldest form of Buddhism, emphasizes individual enlightenment through meditation.

Mahayana Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and broader interpretation of teachings.

Zen Buddhism

School of Buddhism focused on meditation and direct experience of enlightenment.

Confucianism

Ethical and philosophical system emphasizing moral values and social harmony.

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucian teachings integrating Buddhist and Taoist ideas.

Heian Period

Cultural flowering in Japan (794-1185), development of art and literature.

Dar al-Islam/Muslim World

Territories where Islam is practiced, cultural and religious significance.

Mamluk Sultanate

Medieval empire in Egypt and the Levant formed by slave soldiers.

Seljuk Turks

Turkic dynasty that ruled the Middle East before the Ottoman Empire.

Sultan

Title for Islamic rulers or sovereigns, associated with political authority.

Abbasid Caliphate

Islamic caliphate known for advancements in science, arts, and culture.

Muhammad

Founder of Islam and the last prophet in Islamic belief.

Crusaders

European Christians who conducted military campaigns in the Holy Land.

Sufis

Islamic mystics emphasizing spirituality and personal experience of the divine.

House of Wisdom

Intellectual center in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age.

Baghdad

Capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, center of Islamic civilization.

Algebra

Mathematical system developed by Islamic scholars.

Delhi Sultanate

A Muslim kingdom in the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to 16th centuries. It brought significant changes in governance, culture, and religion, marking the beginning of Islamic rule in the region.

Srivijaya Empire

An ancient maritime and trading empire centered in Sumatra, Indonesia, during the 7th to 14th centuries. It dominated trade routes in Southeast Asia, influencing regional politics, culture, and religion.

Khmer Empire

A powerful empire in Southeast Asia, centered in Cambodia, known for its architectural marvels, especially the temple complex of Angkor Wat. It had a significant cultural and religious impact on the region.

Bhakti Movement

A devotional movement in Hinduism, emphasizing personal devotion to a chosen deity, transcending caste barriers, and focusing on spiritual practices rather than ritualistic aspects of religion. It played a pivotal role in shaping religious practices and social cohesion in India.

Caste System

A hierarchical social structure in India dividing society into rigid social classes based on occupation, birth, and social status. It has historically influenced social interactions, economic opportunities, and religious practices in the Indian subcontinent.

Mayan City-States

Autonomous cities with their own rulers in the ancient Mayan civilization, known for their advanced writing system, architecture, mathematics, and astronomy.

Mexica/Aztecs

The Mexica were the indigenous people of the Aztec Empire, centered in Central Mexico, known for their militaristic society, agriculture, and complex religious practices.

Theocracy

A form of government where religious leaders hold political power, often tying religious beliefs and governance closely together.

Human Sacrifice

A religious practice involving the ritual killing of humans, prevalent in various ancient cultures, including the Aztecs and Mayans, as an offering to gods or spirits.

Pachacuti

A ruler of the Inca Empire known for expanding its territory and implementing significant reforms, contributing to the empire's prosperity and growth.

Incan Empire

A vast pre-Columbian civilization in South America, known for its advanced engineering, road systems (like the Carpa Nan), and administrative skills, ruling from modern-day Peru to parts of Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina.

Mit'a System

An Incan labor system where subjects contributed labor for public works, agriculture, or military service, ensuring the functioning of the state and infrastructure.

Carpa Nan

A vast network of roads built by the Inca Empire, facilitating communication, trade, and travel across their expansive territory.

Waru Waru

Agricultural terraces used by the Incas, involving raised planting beds with irrigation channels to enhance agricultural productivity.

Terrace Farming

A method of farming on steep slopes or hillsides by creating terraces or steps, preventing soil erosion and maximizing arable land.

Animism

A belief system that attributes spiritual significance to natural elements and phenomena, prevalent in many indigenous cultures worldwide.

Kin-based Networks

Social and economic structures centered around familial ties and kinship relationships, often forming the basis of governance, trade, and community support in various societies.

Swahili

A culture and language originating from the East African coast, known for its trade networks, blending of African, Arab, and other cultural influences, and its significance as a lingua franca in the region.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade routes crossing the Sahara Desert, connecting North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas between North African societies and those in sub-Saharan Africa.

Indian Ocean Trade

Maritime trade routes linking the lands bordering the Indian Ocean, connecting Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia, fostering cultural exchange, and economic prosperity for the regions involved.

Great Zimbabwe

An ancient city and civilization in present-day Zimbabwe, known for its impressive stone structures and as a center for trade, production, and governance in southern Africa.

Hausa Kingdoms

A group of states in West Africa, known for their trade networks, Islamic culture, and centralized governance structures.

Ghana

An ancient West African kingdom, not to be confused with the modern nation, known for its wealth derived from gold and its role in trans-Saharan trade routes.

Mali

A medieval West African empire known for its wealth, particularly from gold and salt trade, as well as its significant cultural and intellectual achievements.

Ethiopia

An ancient civilization and modern country in East Africa with a rich history, known for its unique culture, Christianity dating back to antiquity, and its resistance against European colonization.

Magna Carta

A historical document signed in 1215 in England, limiting the power of the monarchy and establishing certain legal rights for the nobility, seen as a foundational step in establishing the rule of law and constitutionalism.

English Parliament

A legislative body in England, evolving from early councils and assemblies, gaining significant power in governance and lawmaking, contributing to the development of representative government.

Manorial System

An economic and social system in medieval Europe centered around manors, with lords granting land to peasants in exchange for labor and services.

Three-field System

An agricultural innovation in medieval Europe where fields were divided into three parts, rotating crops to maximize productivity and soil fertility.

Feudalism

A social, political, and economic system in medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for service and loyalty, establishing hierarchical relationships between lords, vassals, and serfs.

Serfs

Peasants who were bound to the land they worked on under feudalism, obligated to provide labor and services to the lord in exchange for protection and land use.

Primogeniture

The practice of passing down inheritance, particularly land or titles, to the eldest son, a common practice in medieval Europe.

Estates-General

A representative assembly in France during the medieval and early modern periods, consisting of clergy, nobility, and commoners, advising the monarch on matters of state.

Crusades

Series of religious wars initiated by Western European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control, influencing European society, economy, and cultural exchange with the Middle East.

Marco Polo

An Italian merchant and explorer known for his travels to Asia, particularly to China during the Mongol Empire, whose writings introduced Europeans to Asian cultures and economies.

Renaissance

A period of cultural, artistic, and intellectual flourishing in Europe, characterized by a revival of classical learning, humanism, and advancements in art, science, and literature.

Humanism

An intellectual and cultural movement during the Renaissance, focusing on human potential, critical thinking, education, and the study of classical texts.

Great Schism

A split within the Christian Church in the late medieval period, resulting in competing popes and divisions between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches.

Little Ice Age

A period of cooler temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns in Europe from the 14th to 19th centuries, impacting agriculture, society, and economies.

Magnetic Compass

A navigational tool using Earth's magnetic field to determine direction, revolutionizing maritime exploration and trade by enabling sailors to navigate accurately, facilitating long-distance voyages.

Rudder

A device used to steer ships, enhancing their maneuverability and making navigation more precise, contributing significantly to the advancement of maritime travel and trade.

Junk

A type of ancient Chinese sailing ship with distinctive sails and design, utilized for trade and exploration, playing a crucial role in China's maritime dominance and trade expansion.

Mongol Empire

The largest contiguous land empire in history, established by Genghis Khan and his successors, facilitating cultural exchange, trade, and the movement of people across Eurasia.

Samarkand

An ancient city in Central Asia, renowned for its strategic location along the Silk Road, serving as a hub for trade, culture, and intellectual exchange between East and West.

Caravanserai

Roadside inns or resting places along trade routes, providing accommodation, safety, and facilities for merchants, contributing to the facilitation of long-distance trade.

Flying Cash

A form of credit common in China during the Song Dynasty, allowing merchants to deposit money in one location and withdraw it in another, easing trade and reducing the need for carrying physical currency.

Banking Houses

Financial institutions in medieval Europe handling money, loans, and currency exchange, laying the foundation for modern banking systems and facilitating economic growth.

Bill of Exchange

A financial instrument used in trade, allowing for the transfer of funds between different locations, facilitating commerce and reducing the risks associated with carrying large sums of money.

Hanseatic League

A medieval trade association of northern European cities and merchant guilds, fostering economic cooperation, trade alliances, and cultural exchange in the Baltic and North Sea regions.

Mongols

Nomadic people from Central Asia who established the largest contiguous empire in history, known for their military prowess and conquests.

Khan

A title of leadership among the Mongols, similar to a ruler or king.

Kuriltai

A council or assembly of Mongol chiefs and leaders, convened to elect a new Khan or discuss important matters within the Mongol Empire.

Genghis Khan

The founder and leader of the Mongol Empire, renowned for his military campaigns, administrative reforms, and the unification of the Mongol tribes.

Khanates

Divisions or territories within the Mongol Empire, each ruled by a Khan or descendant of Genghis Khan.

Pax Mongolica

A period of relative peace and stability across Eurasia during the height of the Mongol Empire, facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and communication between East and West.

Golden Horde

A Mongol Khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire, centered in present-day Russia, exerting influence over the region for centuries.

Moscow

A city that grew in prominence under Mongol rule, later becoming the capital of Russia, playing a crucial role in the region's history.

Hulegu

A Mongol ruler and grandson of Genghis Khan, known for his conquests and founding the Il-khanate in Persia.

Il-khanate

A Mongol Khanate in Persia and the Middle East, ruling over parts of modern-day Iran, Iraq, and the surrounding regions.

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China, known for his conquest of China and the establishment of a unified Mongol rule in the region.

Yuan Dynasty

The Mongol-led dynasty in China established by Kublai Khan, marking a significant period of foreign rule over China.

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Yuan Dynasty, known for its cultural achievements, naval expeditions, and the construction of the Great Wall of China.

Gobi Desert

A vast desert in East Asia, significant as a geographic barrier and part of the Mongol Empire's territory.

Siege Weapons

Military devices and machines used in warfare, such as trebuchets or catapults, often used by the Mongols during their conquests.

Uyghur Alphabet

An ancient script used by the Uyghur people in Central Asia, which also played a role in the development of Mongolian scripts.

White Lotus Society

A secret religious society in China, known for its opposition to Mongol rule and later influencing rebellions against the Yuan Dynasty.

Bubonic Plague/Black Death

A devastating pandemic that spread across Eurasia, believed to have originated in Asia, leading to widespread mortality and significant social and economic impacts during the Mongol era.

Swahili City-States

Coastal trading centers in East Africa, along the Swahili Coast, known for their trade in gold, ivory, and other goods, as well as their unique blend of African, Arab, and Indian cultures.

Indian Ocean Basin

A region encompassing the lands and territories surrounding the Indian Ocean, serving as a major center for trade, cultural exchange, and maritime activities.

Monsoon Winds

Seasonal wind patterns in the Indian Ocean, crucial for maritime trade and navigation, facilitating sailing between different regions based on wind direction.

Lateen Sails

Triangular-shaped sails capable of catching wind from various directions, enabling ships to sail effectively against the wind, widely used in Indian Ocean trade.

Stern Rudder

A navigational device attached to the stern of a ship, enhancing its steering ability and maneuverability, contributing to advancements in maritime technology.

Astrolabe

An ancient astronomical instrument used for navigation and determining the position of celestial bodies, aiding in maritime exploration.

Diaspora

The dispersion or migration of a particular group of people from their original homeland to other regions, often retaining cultural or ethnic ties to their origins.