Learning Pt 2 Exam AP Psych

behavioral perspective

examines how observable behaviors are learned and reinforced via interactions w/ the environment

associative learning

learning where individuals form connections btwn events that occur together

habituation (non-associative learning)

occurs when organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit a diminished response to a repeated to enduring stimulus (aka getting used to sometimes over time)

classical conditioning

learning method where we associate 2 stimuli -> enables us to anticipate events

conditioned

learned

unconditioned

unlearned

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers response w/out learning

UCS

texts from Jacob

Unconditioned response (UCR)

automatic reaction to UC stimulus (w/out learning)

UCR

happiness from texts from Jacob

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated w/ a response via learning

conditioned response (CR)

learned response, occurs as a result of CS (b/c of association w/ conditioned and unconditioned stimulus)

CS

special song (associated with Jacob)

CR

happiness from special song

aquisition

initial learning of an association

extinction

process in which CR weakens and eventually disappears when CS is repeatedly presented without UCS

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of previously extinguished CR after a period of rest (suggests that extinction doesn't erase association but is temporary)

stimulus discrimination

ability to differentiate btwn similar stimuli and response differently to them (learning via conditioning process)

stimulus generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS (result of conditioning process)

high order conditioning

process where a previous CS is used to create further associations w/ new neutral stimuli -> another response (layers of associations)

high order conditioning example

associating new brand logo with a catchy song that you like -> makes you feel good about the product w/out trying it

counterconditioning

changing learned response to something more preferred by pairing it w/ diff experience

counterconditioning example

teaching dog to love a vacuum via treats after they are scared of it

taste aversion

learned association btwn taste of particular food and feeling sick

one trial conditioning

learning that happens quickly after just one pairing of 2 things

biological prepardness

innate tendency of organisms to quickly learn associations btwn certain stimuli and responses that are relevant to their survival (ex: food and danger)

operant conditioning

learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences (reinforcement or punishment)

law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated (same vise versa w/ negative)

law of effect ex

dog is increasingly likely to go outside to pee if given treat to do so

reinforcement

any consequences that increase chances of a behavior occurring again in the future

primary reinforces (pr)

things we naturally like/ need (ex: food, water)

secondary reinforcers (sr)

things we learn to like b/c they are connected to PRs or things we like (ex: money -> can buy needs)

reinforcement discrimination

ability to distinguish btwn different stimuli and respond appropriately based on presence or absence of reinforcement

reinforcement discrimination example

trainer teaches dog to respond to specific commands -> dog differentiates via treats and learns to respond

reinforcement generalization

tendency to respond similarly to different stimuli that are associated w/ the same reinforcement

reinforcement generalization example

praise for good behavior -> is applied to other settings (you expect a similar outcome for behaving well)

positive reinforcement (PR)

presenting desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase chance of behavior reoccurring

PR

teacher giving praise to elementary student for completing homework on time

negative reinforcement (NR)

removing a aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase chance of behavior reoccurring

NR

car seat belt alarm -> it stops dinging after the selt belt is put in place

punishment

any consequence that decreases the chance or prevents a behavior from reoccurring

positive punishment

adding aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease chance of that behavior reoccurring

PP

making kids to chores to prevent them from coming home late again

negative punishment

removing desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease chance of that behavior reoccurring

NP

stripping teen of car privileges after they lied about where they were

shaping

gradually reinforcing behaviors that are close to desired behavior, leads to development of a complex behavior/skill

shaping example

gradual training -> trainer initially rewards for interest in basketball and rewards increase as the rat gets closer to putting the ball through the hoop

instinctive drift

animals may go back to natural instincts instead of learning new behaviors via training (sometimes if no longer getting rewarded or have naturally aggressive behaviors, ex = seaworld orcas)

superstitious behavior

accidental reinforcement of behaviors, leads to belief that those behaviors cause desired outcome (even if they don't)

reinforcement schedules

patterns determining when and how often reinforcement is given for a behavior (influences rate and persistence of behavior)

continous reinforcement

reinforcing behavior every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a behavior only some of the time it occurs -> slower extinction and less consistent response

fixed interval (FI)

reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since last reinforcement (leads to predictive pattern of behavior)

FI

grading period ends every 9 weeks

variable interval (VI)

reinforcement is delivered after varying amounts of time have passed since last reinforcement (leads to steady and moderate rate of responding)

VI

teacher checks homework randomly (keeps students on their toes)

fixed ratio (FR)

reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses (leads to increased rate of responding and short pauses btwn reinforcement)

variable ratio (VR)

reinforcement is delivered after unpredictable number of responses (leads to steady rate of responses w/ minimal pauses)

FR

buying 10 coffees get one free

VR

No idea how many casino games it takes to win -> playing becomes addictive, continuous attempts

post-reward pause

little to no response after reward is given (additional responses won't lead to reinforcement)

Increased response rate

as time for the next reward approaches, the response rate increases and peaks right beforehand

behavioral dynamics

forms scalloped curve or graph (illustrates how anticipation of reinforcement influences response timing)

learned helplessness

belief that one has no control over their situation (learned via repeated exposure to uncontrollable events)

learned helplessness example

feel passive -> often faced in domestic abuse (term was discovered by shocking dogs in a cage + measuring their responses)

social learning theory

emphasizes the importance of observing, imitating, and modeling behaviors and cognitive processes in learning from others in social constructs

vicarious conditioning

learning by observing the consequences of other's actions by directly experiencing them

social learning theory example

younger sibling mimics older sibling behavior to convince parents of their maturity

vicarious conditioning example

child watches someone else cry at the dentist -> will now associate that feeling of despair while at the dentist

insight learning

sudden understanding of a problem or situation (leads to a solution w/out prior trial or error, aha feeling)

insight learning example

lightbulb moment of an idea/understanding coming

latent

passive

latent learning

learning that occurs w/out any obvious reinforcement or motivation (not demonstrated until there is a reason to)

latent learning example

Underclassmen passively learn the route to MHS while their parents drive them -> but is not used until they are juniors and start driving to school

cognitive maps

mental representations of spatial relationships or layouts (allows for navigation)