bio spec yr 10 EoY

photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

glucose chemical formula

C(6)H(12)O(6)

endothermic reaction

a reaction in which energy is transferred FROM the environment IN. e.g. photosynthesis

factors which affect rate of photosynthesis

temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and the amount of chlorophyll

uses for glucose from photosynthesis

Cellulose (cell walls)

Oils and fats as storage

Respiration

Storage as insoluble Starch

Amino acids= glucose+ nitrate ions

exothermic reaction

a reaction that releases energy. e.g. respiration

aerobic respiration equation

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

anaerobic respiration in muscles equation

glucose -> lactic acid

anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells equation

glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide (fermentation)

organisms need energy for...

... movement, keeping warm, chemical reactions to build larger molecules

why is less energy released in anaerobic respiration?

the oxidation of glucose is incomplete, so less energy is transferred

human body response to exercise

heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume all increase to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood

muscles after long periods of vigorous exercise

fatigued, could stop contracting efficiently

oxygen debt and removal of lactic acid

blood flows through the muscles, transports lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back to glucose in a reaction with oxygen (oxygen debt is the volume needed to remove the lactic acid)

metabolism definition

the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

metabolism in the human body includes:

-conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose

-formation of lipid molecules from glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

-glucose and nitrate ions forming amino acids, which are then used to synthesise proteins

-respiration

-breakdown of excess proteins into urea for excretion

what is the CNS in humans

the brain and spinal cord

purpose of reflex actions and how they are subconscious

meant to protect the body from harm and minimise tissue damage, the coordinator is the spinal cord rather than the brain, which detects what has happened after the reflex

pathogen definition

microorganisms that cause disease, can be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi

how do bacteria make us ill

produce toxins that damage tissues

how do viruses make us ill

live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage

measles

viral disease with symptoms of a fever and a red skin rash. can be fatal, so most young children are vaccinated against measles. spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.

HIV

initial symptoms flu-like illness, attacks the body's immune cells unless controlled with antiretroviral drugs. causes late-stage infection (AIDS) which damages the immune system so significantly that the body cannot deal with other infections or cancers. spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids.

tobacco mosaic virus

affects many species of plants such as tomatoes, gives a distinctive mosaic pattern on leaves which affect growth of plants due to inability to photosynthesise

salmonella food poisoning

spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions. in uk poultry is vaccinated against salmonella. symptoms: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea caused by toxins secreted by bacteria.

gonorrhoea

sexually transmitted bacterial disease, causes thick yellow or green discharge and pain when urinating. treated by antibiotics but resistant strains appeared. spread by sexual contact, so can be prevented by barrier methods of contraception.

rose black spot

fungal disease, purple/black spots develop on leaves and often turn yellow and drop early. affects growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced. spread in water and wind, treated using fungicides and removing and destroying affected leaves.

malaria

caused by protist pathogens, spread by vectors (mosquitos). causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal, prevented by killing mosquitos and using nets

non-specific human defences

-skin- physical barrier

-nose, trachea and bronchi- ciliated epithelial cells and mucus catch pathogens then waft into stomach

-stomach- hydrochloric acid kills pathogens

white blood cells role

phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxin production

vaccination process

dead/inactive form of pathogen is introduced

stimulates production of antitoxins by lymphocytes

if same pathogen re-enters the body the correct antitoxins are produced more and more quickly, preventing infection

use of antibiotics

cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body, specific to type of bacteria. e.g. penicillin

antibiotics flaws

CANNOT kill viral pathogens, some antibiotic resistant strains have formed

treatment of viruses

painkillers used to treat symptoms (but do not kill viruses), difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body's tissues as viruses live inside cells.

digitalis drug

originates from foxgloves, used to treat issues with heart rhythms.

aspirin drug

originates from willow tree, painkiller

penicillin drug

from penicillium mould, antibiotic

what are new drugs tested for

toxicity, efficacy and dosage

monoclonal antibodies production

stimulate mouse lymphocytes to make a specific antibody

lymphocytes are removed and combined with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell

has ability to divide rapidly and to make the correct antibody

hybridoma cell is cloned, so there are many identical cells that all produce the same antibody

large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified

uses of monoclonal antibodies

pregnancy tests, to detect hormones and pathogens in the blood, to locate/identify specific molecules with fluorescent dye, to treat cancer by specifically binding to cancer cells with toxic or radioactive substance attached to the mAB

chlorosis

yellowing of leaves caused by magnesium deficiency as they are needed to make chlorophyll

stunted growth in plants

nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis, therefore growth

physical plant defences

cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, bark on trees

chemical plant defences

antibacterial chemicals secreted, poisons to deter herbivores

mechanical plant defences

thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves which droop or curl when touched, mimicry to trick animals