BIOCHEM LAB

ANALYTICAL GRADE (AR)

– suitable for most analytical procedures

– carry designation as AR or American Chemical Society and for Laboratory Use or ACS standard grade reference material

CHEMICALLY PURE

– techniques that require extremely pure chemicals

– carry designation of HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) or chromatographic

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

WHAT IS HPLC

CHEMICALLY PURE

– impurities are not stated

– preparation not uniform

– not recommended for clinical laboratories

USP AND NF GRADE

– to manufacture drugs

– purity standard are based on criterion of not being injurious to man

TECHNICAL OR COMMERCIAL GRADE

– used for manufacturing

REFERENCE MATERIALS

to know if results are valid

PRIMARY STANDARD

– substance of exact nonconcentration and purity

SECONDARY STANDARD

– substance of lower purity with concentration

– determined by comparison with primary standard

DISTILLED WATER

purified by distillation

DEIONIZED WATER

– purified by ion exchange (anion/cation exchange risen) with some/ all ions removed

– remove dissolved solids and dissolved gases

REVERSE OSMOSIS (OS) WATER

– uses pressure to force water through semipermeable membrane

– doesn't remove gases

ULTRAFILTRATION AND NANOFILTERED WATER

UV oxidation, sterilization, ozone treatment

REAGENT GRADE WATER

– obtained by initial filter, followed by RO, deionization, a 0.2 mm filter

TYPE I WATER

– for test methods requiring minimum interference

– trace metal analysis by FES and AAS

TYPE II WATER

– for analytical preparation

– reagent, QC, standard preparation

TYPE III/AUTOCLAVE WASH WATER

– glassware washing

GLASSWARE

– supplies that consisted of some type of glass

Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex & Kimax)

– heating & sterilization purposes (pwede sa oven)

Boron-free Glassware/Soft Glass

– high resistance to alkali

– less thermal resistance

Corex (Corning)

– special alumina-silicate glass that has been strengthened chemically than thermally

– 6x stronger than Borosilicate

Vycor

– for high thermal, drastic shock, extreme chemical treatment w/ acids (except hydrofluoric) and alkali

– can be heated at 900°C

FLINT GLASS

– soda lime glass and mixture of calcium, silicon, sodium oxide

– poor resistance to high temperatures

→ mabilis mabasag

PLASTICWARE

usually disposable lab supplies

PIPETS

– glass or plastic utensils used to transfer liquid

TO CONTAIN (TC)

– for viscous sample

– mercury as calibrating medium

proper use requires rinsing of pipette with final solution after contents are delivered into diluent (rinsing technique)

→ holds particular volume but doesn't dispense exact volume

TO DELIVER

– non-viscous sample

– distilled water as calibrating medium

– delivers exact amount it holds

BLOWOUT PIPET

→ with etched ring or two small closed continuous ring

→ last drop a fluid needs to be blown

SELF-DRAINING

→ without marking

→ drains completely

SEROLOGIC PIPET

– has graduation marks to tip

– blowout pipet

MOHR PIPET

– no graduation marks

– self draining

TRANSFER PIPET

→ designated to transfer one volume

OSTWALD-FOLIN PIPET

– viscous fluids

– blowout pipet

→ smaller

→ bulb — closer delivery tip

VOLUMETRIC PIPET

– non-viscous

– self draining

→ larger

→ bulb — at center (symmetrical)

PASTEUR PIPET

– no calibration marks

– for transferring liquid w/o consideration of specific volume

MICROPIPET

delivers amount <1ml

MACROPIPET

delivers amount >1ml

AIR DISPLACEMENT

piston does not come in contact the liquid

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

piston moves in the tip and comes in contact with the liquid

BURETS

– dispensing liquid during titration

CENTRIFUGATION

process which a centrifugal force is used to separate solid from liquids and suspension

HAZARD

anything that has a potential to cause harm

RISK

likelihood that hazard will occur

CATEGORY A

their high infectivity poses a danger not only to those infected with the disease but to those who are treating infected patients, including laboratory personnel who may come in contact with the infecting organisms

Laboratory precautions are extremely strict

CATEGORY B

Several of these agents are extremely toxic but are not placed in Category A due to difficulties with dissemination or lower infectivity as compared to the Category A

CATEGORY C

Third highest priority agents

represent “emerging” agents, that is, potential future infectious threats.

Increased resources for research into the epidemiology and pathogenicity of these agents have been widely recommended

BIOSAFETY

application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorian’s risk of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work environment and, ultimately, the community.

Infectivity

severity of disease

Transmissibility

nature of the work

Origin of the microbe/agent in question

route of exposure

The primary risks that determine levels of containment are