Skeletal System

What is this?

osteon

What is this?

Concentric lamella

What is this?

Central canal

What is this?

Perforating Canal

What are these?

Canaliculi

What are these?

Lacuna

What is this?

Circumferential lamella

What is this?

Spongy bone

What is this?

Endosteum

What is this?

Periosteum

What are these?

Sharpey’s fibers

Where are joints?

Any location where joints come together

Where is cartilage found?

In joints, ligaments, and tendons

What is the human skeleton made up of?

Cartilage and fibrous membrane

Where is cartilage found?

Ribs, sternum, in between vertebrae, and in between the pubic symphysis

What type of tissue is cartilage made up of and what is the name?

Connective tissue, specifically, dense, irregular, connective tissue

What does cartilage lack?

Blood vessels and nerves

What are the three main types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

How many cartilages are in hyaline?

Articular, Costal, Respiratory, And nasal

Where is articular cartilage found?

Ends of most bones at movable joints

Where is costal Cartilage found

They connect ribs to sternum

Where is respiratory cartilage found?

They Form skeleton of larynx and reinforce other respiratory passageways

Where is nasal cartilage found?

It supports external nose

Where is elastic cartilage found?

The external ear and epiglottis

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Pad like cartilage of the knee discs between the vertebrae

What is a long bone?

A bone that is longer than it is wide

What is a short bone?

A bone that is roughly cube shaped

What is a flat bone?

A bone that is thin flattened and usually a bit curved

What is a irregular bone?

A bone that has a complicated shape and fits none of the proceeding classes

What are the functions of bone?

To support, Protect, Anchorage, Mineral storage, Blood cell formation, Fat storage, And hormone storage

How do you classify bones?

Based on shape, not on size

Where is compact bone found?

The external surface of all bones

What is a characteristic of spongy bone?

It has little holes called trabeculae, it is lighter, trabeculae Is filled with yellow and red bone marrow

What is an advantage of trabeculae?

It allows for blood vessels and nerves to get through very easily and it is the prime location for bone marrow storage

What is the epiphyseal plate Made up of?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the epiphyseal line Made up of?

Bony tissue

What part of the bone is this?

proximal epiphysis

What part of the bone is this?

Diaphysis

What part of the bone is this?

Distal epiphysis

What is this?

Epiphyseal line

What is this?

Periosteum

What is this?

Compact bone

What is this?

Spongy bone

What is this?

Medullary Cavity

What is this lined by?

Endosteum

What is this?

Yellow bone marrow

What is this?

Endosteum

What is this?

Compact bone

What is this?

Nutrient arteries

What is this?

Periosteum

What Are these?

Sharpey’s fibers

What is an osteoblast?

A bone builder

What is an osteoclast?

Bone crushers

What are osteocytes?

They maintain bone

What is the smallest functional unit of bone?

osteon

What is the blood flow pathway?

Blood vessel to perforating Canal to Central Canal to canaliculi to osteocytes inside lacuna

Why is something organic?

It has lots of carbon and it’s complex

What happens if your bones don’t have minerals?

Your bone bends

What happens if your bone doesn’t have collagen?

Your bone is brittle

Where does intramembraneous classification happen?

Inside the membrane of bones of cranium and clavicles

Where does endochondral classification happen?

Inside cartilage of everything else

What does calcium absorption depend on?

Vitamin D

What builds the mineral portion of the bone matrix?

Calcium

What happens if you have low vitamin D?

You have low calcium, which can give you symptoms of cognitive impairment, Muscle weakness, And osteomalacia

What is vitamin needed for?

For collagen synthesis

What is growth hormone released by?

The anterior pituitary gland

What does growth hormone stimulate?

Stimulates, mitosis and chondrocytes

What does thyroid hormone do for growth hormone?

Modulates growth hormone

What does sex hormones do for growth hormone?

They stimulate the release of growth hormone from pituitary glands, and induce epiphyseal Closure

How are fractures treated?

By reduction

What happens in Bone remodeling?

Hematoma forms, then fibrocartilage forms then Bony callus forms, then bone remodeling occurs

What does it mean if a bone is non-displaced?

The bone didn’t move

What does it mean if a bone is displaced?

The bone moved

At what age do you get the highest bone mass?

30

As you age, what happens to bone?

Bone becomes more brittle, less flexible collagen is made, Osteoblast slow down

Who is more susceptible to the aging in bone?

Woman

What is osteoporosis?

A disease of fragile bones

What does the female hormone estrogen help with?

Lesson or restrain osteoplast activity

What are some treatments for osteoporosis?

Weight-bearing exercise, Vitamin D and calcium supplements, Hormone replacement therapy

What is calcium homeostasis ?

Calcium goes to the parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone goes up, osteoclast activity goes up, reabsorption of calcium by kidney, absorption of calcium in intestines, then calcium goes up

What happens in endochondral ossification?

First, the bone collar forms around the diathesis, Second cartilage calcifies in the center of the Diaphysis, Third periosteal But invades the internal cavities And spongy bone forms, Fourth the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms, fifth the epiphyses ossify

What happens in intramembranous ossification ?

First ossification centers developed in the fibrous connective tissue membrane, Second osteoid is secreted and calcifies, Third immature spongy bone and Periosteum form, Fourth compact bone replaces immature spongy bone just deep to the periosteum and and red bone marrow develops

What level is calcium homeostasis?

9-11mg/ 100 ml

What is an open or compound fracture?

When the bone penetrates the skin

What is a closed or simple fracture?

When the bone does not penetrate the skin

What is a complete fracture?

When a bone is broken through

What is an incomplete fracture?

When the bone is not broken through

What are the four stages In repairing a simple fracture

First a hematoma forms, Second fibrocartilaginous callus Forms, Third bony callus forms, And fourth bone remodeling occurs

What is osteomalacia?

When a bone is poorly mineralized often referred to soft bones

What can be caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by a vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets and osteomalacia

What is rickets?

An analogous disease and children that causes bow legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull and rib cage, because the epiphyseal plates Can’t calcify so they continue to widen and the ends of bones become visibly enlarged and abnormally long

What is pagets Disease?

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption Usually in the spine pelvis femur and skull