CIS Human Physiology Q3/4 final

What is breathing?

The mechanical process to get oxygen into the lungs

What is the term for the Total Volume of exchangeable air in the lungs?

Vital Capacity

What is the term that for the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs?

Tidal Volume

Which of these accurately depicts the steepest gradient for diffusion?

What transports oxygen throughout the body?

Hemoglobin

What is the capacity for a fully saturated hemoglobin?

4 oxygen

What is the term used to describe inadequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

Emphysema

Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide occur in muscle tissue?

Tissue capillaries

Where is the highest saturation of hemoglobin in the capillaries?

What is the pressure in the lungs prior to inspiration?

Less than atmospheric

What is happening to lungs in expiration?

Volume has decreased in the chest cavity

Pressure has increased in the chest cavity

What is the Residual Volume of the lungs?

The amount of air that never leaves the lungs/ impossible to measure

What lines the respiratory tract to get ride of impurities?

Cillia

How does asthma occur?

Constriction of smooth muscles along the bronchial tree

What diseases result when the bronchi and bronchioles become inflamed and produce excess mucous?

Chronic Bronchitis

How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood stream?

Google it, idfk.

Chat GPT was wrong

What is the term used for the rate oxygen combining with glucose to produce energy?

Metabolic Rate

Which two substances are exhaled as a by-product of cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide and water

What vaguely describes the sequence of events for Inspiration/Expiration?

Why is it impossible to hold your breath long enough to damage the brain?

Carbon dioxide levels rise and your medulla forces you to take a deep breath

What is "bends" disease?

Decompression sickness is a medical condition caused by dissolved gases emerging from solution as bubbles inside the body tissues during decompression

Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred from the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred in the body through the pulmonary and systemic circuits, involving several important structures. In the pulmonary circuit, air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth, where cilia (tiny hair-like structures) help filter and clean the air. The air then travels down the trachea, through the bronchi and bronchioles, and finally reaches the alveoli—tiny air sacs in the lungs. Surrounding each alveolus is a network of capillaries, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air inside the alveoli diffuses into the blood in these capillaries, while carbon dioxide, a waste product from the body, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Once oxygen enters the bloodstream, it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart, which pumps it into the systemic circuit. In the systemic circuit, the blood delivers oxygen to body tissues through tissue capillaries, where oxygen diffuses into cells to be used for energy. At the same time, carbon dioxide produced by the cells diffuses into the blood. This carbon dioxide-rich blood returns to the heart and is then sent back to the lungs via the pulmonary circuit, where the carbon dioxide is expelled and the blood is re-oxygenated, continuing the cycle.

What is the pulmonary circuit?

blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

What is the systematic circuit?

from left heart to systematic tissues (body tissues) and back to right heart

What are the components to the respiratory system?

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, and diaphragm

Where is fat stored in the bone?

Medullary cavity

What is the action of a osteoclast?

The bone matrix is dissolved

What in the bones reduces the wight on the muscles?

The "spongey" bone

What happens when blood levels of calcium drop below normal?

The Parathyroid hormone is secreted and increases osteoclast activity

What is an osteoclast?

Cells that break down bone calcium to increase blood calcium

What is an osteoblast?

Cells that increase bone calcium by removing calcium in the blood

What is the function of the hormone calcitonin

Increase calcium absorption to bone and decrease calcium excretion to blood.

Elevated levels of calcium stimulate what hormone?

Calcitonin

What is the primary way bones become weak and porus?

Lack of physical activity and exercise

What could be revealed with HIGH levels of PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) and calcium in the blood?

Osteoporosis

What is osteoporosis?

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

What is an epiphyseal plate?

flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones

Otherwise a growth plate

What is the appendicular skeleton?

arms and legs (Anything but the midline)

What is bone remodeling?

It's the process by which bone tissue is removed and new tissue forms (ossification)?

What is callus formation?

Callus formation is characterized by an overgrowth of bone that's reabsorbed gradually during the remodellingstage.

What is hematoma formation?

Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma

Site is swollen, painful, and inflamed

What is fibrocartilage?

Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage;thick collage fibers predominate.

What is the order of a healing bone?

1. Hematoma forms.

2. Fibrocartilage (connective tissue ) callus forms.

3. Bony callus forms - made of spongy bone

4. Bone remodeling occurs.

What is a simple fracture?

a fracture of the bone only, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.

What is a compound fracture?

type of fracture where the bone breaks through the skin

What is a transverse fracture?

Horizontally angled fracture

What is an oblique fracture?

A slanted/ updown fracture

What is a communilated fracture?

Bone breaks into may fragments

What is a compression fracture?

When the bone is crushed

What is a depression fracture?

Bone is pressed inwards

What is the function of the skeletal muscle system?

To maintain body structure, posture, body temperature, and to produce movements

What is the epimysium?

The dense OUTER layer of connective tissue surrounding the entire skeltal muscle

What is endomysium?

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

What is the perimysium?

connective tissue that surrounds groups of 10-100 individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles.

What is the term used for an extension of the epimysium?

A tendon? or its a ligament. Who knows.

What is a sarcomere composed of?

thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins (actin and myosin)

What is a sarcomere?

functional unit of muscle

What is myosin?

Thick filament protein with a head and elongated tail, the heads form cross bridges with the thin filaments during muscle contraction

What is actin?

Thin filament protein. Twisted into a double helix and appears like a double-stranded chain of pearls. Contains the myosin-binding site.

What is a Z-disc?

It is protein that holds the actin filament in place

What is the H-zone?

Only the myosin present in this zone. Preventing decompression

What is the A-band?

The length of the entire region of the sarcomere, containing the myosin

What is the I-band?

The region of a sarcomere with ONLY thin filaments

What are the interactions between actin and myosin filaments responsible for?

A muscle contraction

What is a Z-line?

Separates one sarcomere form another

At rest, what are the active sites on the actin blocked by?

Tropomyosin molecules

When sarcomeres shorten the ______ and _______ shorten.

Actin and myosin

What element does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release to respond to the action potential?

Calcium Ion

What happens when calcium binds to troponin?

Tropomyosin is pulled away from the active sites

What is the name of the connection between a muscle fiber and a neuron?

Neuromuscular junction

What is the source of energy used to contract a muscle?

ATP

What is gray matter?

neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

What is white matter?

myelinated axons

What does the medulla oblongata do?

breathing/heartrate/gastrointestinal activity

What does the pons do?

regulates sleep and arousal

What does the midbrain do?

Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes

Maintains consciousness

What does the thalamus do?

sensory relay station

What does the hypothalamus do?

stimulates another gland to release hormones

What does the frontal lobe control?

personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual function

What does the parietal lobe control?

short term memory

bodily sensations

What does the temporal lobe control?

hearing and smell

What does the occipital lobe control?

processing visual information

What is the cerebellum?

Responsible for muscle contraction & balance

What is the occipital chiasm?

Where the optic nerves cross over

What is the pituitary gland?

It is the master gland. It produces many hormones that regulate homeostasis

What is a neuron?

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

What is a neuron composed of?

dendrites, cell body, axon

What is an axon?

Transmit impulses AWAY from cell body of neuron

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

the nerves of the body not including the brain and spinal cord

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

Consists of brain and spinal cord; origin of all complex commands and decisions.

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

"Rest and digest" Blood pressure/heart rate decrease, digestive increases

What is the sensory division of the nervous system?

responsible for detecting and transmitting sensory information from the body to the central nervous system

What is the gap between neurons called?

synaptic cleft

What is the ratio for a normal resting neuron between Na and K?

3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions

What is membrane potential?

a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

What is hyperpolarization?

State where the potential across the membrane is more negative than the resting potential.

What is repolarization?

the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell and to increase the gradient increasing movement across membrane

What would occur if a voltage gated sodium channel was blocked?

Action potentials would be unable to repolarize