AP Bio Guided Notes Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life

Water polar or non

polar

carboxyl group on the end of DNA

c-terminus

on the amine end of DNA

N - Terminus

5’ end of DNA

Phosphate group

3’ end of DNA

Hydroxyl of the pentose sugar

why does water have so many unique properties

its hydrogen bonds

Cohesion

The ability of water molecules to link together through hydrogen bonds

Adhesion

The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds with other polar or charged substances

Capillary Action

The movement of water within narrow spaces due to cohesion and adhesion

when is capillary action used

evapotranspiration

Specific Heat

The amount of heat water can absorb before changing temperature

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat required for water to evaporate

Density of Water vs ice

Water is less dense as a solid than liquid

Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve many substances

why is water the universal soluvent

it is polar

Hydrophilic

Substances that are water-loving and can dissolve in water, typically ionic or polar.

Hydrophobic

Substances that are water-fearing and do not dissolve in water, typically nonionic or nonpolar.

Molarity

A measure of the concentration of solute in a solution,

molarity expression

moles per unit

pH

scale saying how many hydrogen ions are in something, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).

why is carbon so useful

4 valence electrons so it can make lots of complex molecules

Biological Macromolecules

Large organic molecules essential for life

Monomers

building blocks

Polymers

many monomers together

Dehydration Synthesis

combines monomers by removing water, forming covalent bonds.

Hydrolysis

breaks down polymers by adding water, splitting them into monomers.

Gene Expression

using DNA to code for proteins

gene expression flow

DNA → RNA → Protein.

Antiparallelness in DNA

2 stands of DNA run in opposite directions, making a double helix

ph 0

acidic, lots of hydrogen ions

ph 14

basic, lots of -OH

steroids

lipid with a 4-ringed carbon structure

steroid use

signaling and structure

where is cholesterol found

cell membrane

what does cholesterol make

testosterone and estrogen

Pyrimidines

single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (CTU)

Purines

Doubles rings of carbon and nitrogen (AG)

strongest bond

covalent

covalent bond

sharing of electrons

nonpolar

equal sharing

polar

unequal sharing

in water, hydrogen is

positive

in water, oxygen is

negative

ionic bond

electron is taken from one atom and given to another

cation and charge

atom loses electrons, positive

anion and charge

when atom gains electrons, negative

hydrogen bond

hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom

van der waals interaction

when atoms are very close together and are weak

ion

charged atom

isotope

diff neutrons