Gram-Negative Bacteria

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, cocci

Neisseria meningitidis - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, cocci

Eikenella corrodens - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, coccobacilli

Kingella kingae - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, coccobacilli

Moraxella catarrhalis - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, diplococci

Haemophilus influenzae - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, coccobacilli

Pasteurella multocida - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, coccobacilli

Acinetobacter baumannii - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli

Bordetella pertussis - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacilli

Francisella tularensis - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacilli

Brucella Species - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacilli

Bacteroides fragilis - physical properties

gram-negative, anaerobic, pleomorphic/rod-shaped

Escherichia coli - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, fermentative, rod

Salmonella Species - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, fermentative, bacilli

Shigella Species - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, fermentative, rod

Yersinia pestis - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, fermentative, short rod

Klebsiella pneumoniae - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, fermentative, rod

Proteus mirabilis - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, fermentative, rod

Vibrio cholerae - physical properties

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, curved rod

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermentative, rod

Burkholderia cepacia - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermentative, rod

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - physical properties

gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermentative, rod

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - pathogenesis

attachment to epithelium of urethra or cervix, purulent exudate-facilitated

Neisseria meningitidis - pathogenesis

inhalation of respiratory drops, contact with mucosal cells in upper respiratory tract

Kingella kingae - pathogenesis

upper respiratory tract colonization, disruption of epithelial barrier

Moraxella catarrhalis - pathogenesis

infection begins in middle ear via Eustachian tubue, as result of nasopharynx infection

Francisella tularensis - pathogensis

intranasal and intradermal, phagocytotic cells are infected and used for infectious replication followed by dissemination to other parts of the body

Brucella Species - pathogenesis

in animals: infects erythritol-rich tissues

Salmonella Species - pathogenesis

ingestion and passage to stomach, attachment to mucosa of small intestine and invade M cells via use of pathogenicity islands, further infection as bacteria travels through body

Shigella Species - pathogenesis

attach to, invade, and replicate in colon-lining cells; replicate in phagocytic cells, death of macrophages; shiga-toxin can lead to endothelial damage and renal failure

Yersinia pestis - pathogenesis

expression of protease to degrade immune response, resist serum killing via complement system

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - virulence

pilin protein, porin protein, opacity protein, iron-acquisiton, cell-wall LOS, B-lactamase

Neisseria meningitidis - virulence

pilin protein, polysaccharide capsule, cell-wall LPS endotoxins

Kingella kingae - virulence

RtxA toxin (pores), harmful to innate immunity

Haemophilus influenzae - virulence

capsular antigens (A-F), serotype B/H. influenzae type B (HIB), polysaccharide capsule, PRP - primary antigen

Pasteurella multocida - virulence

polysaccharide capsule

Acinetobacter baumannii - virulence

antimicrobial resistance via mutations, inactivation, barriers, etc

Bordetella pertussis - virulence

filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, pertussis toxin (A-B toxin), adenylate cyclase/hemolysin toxin, tracheal cytotoxin

Brucella Species - virulence

intracellular pathogens of reticuloendothelial system, phagocytotis resistance

Bacteroides fragilis - virulence

heat-labile toxin (B. fragilis toxin), polysaccharide capsule, fimbriae, fatty acid production, catalase and superoxide dismutase

Escherichia coli - virulence

shiga-toxin (STEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), uropathogenic, some contain capsular antigen/hemolysin/etc

Yersinia pestis - virulence

Type III secretion system, protein capsule

Klebsiella pneumoniae - virulence

mucoid polysaccharide capsule, carbapenemases, B-lactamases

Proteus mirabilis - virulence

urease production - enzyme splits urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia

Vibrio cholerae - virulence

cholera toxin (A-B toxin), toxin-coregulated pilus, accessory cholera enterotoxin, zonula occludens toxin

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - virulence

adhesive components (pili, flagella, LPS, mucoid alginate capsule), exotoxin A, pigments (pyocyanin, pyoverdin), elastase, phospholipase, extracellular toxins

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - diseases/symptoms

gonorrhea, ophthalmia

Neisseria meningitidis - disease/symptoms

meningitis, meningococccemia, pneumonia

Eikenella corrodens - disease/symptoms

preexisting heart disease: endocarditis, immunocompromised: opportunistic infection

Kingella kingae - disease/symptoms

children: septic arthritis, preexisting heart disease: subacute endocarditis

Haemophilus influenzae - disease/symptoms

meningitis, epiglottitis, cellulitis, arthritis

Moraxella catarrhalis - dieases/symptoms

healthy: sinusitis and otitis, pulmonary disease: bronchitis and bronchopneumonia

Pasteurella multocida - disease/symptoms

cellulitis, lymphadenitis, pulmonary disease: chronic respiratory disease worsening, immunocompromised: systemic infection

Escherichia coli - disease/symptoms

gastroenteritis, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, UTIs, intraabdominal infections, meningitis

Acinetobacter baumannii - diseases/symptoms

opportunistic pathogen, respiratory complications, UTIs, wounds, sepsis

Bordetella pertussis - disease/symptoms

coughing, gasping for air, pertussis - stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescence

Francisella tularensis - disease/symptoms

ulceroglandular tularemia, oculoglandular tularemia, pneumonic tularemia

Brucella Species - disease/symptoms

brucellosis, intermittent fever

Bacteroides fragilis - disease/symptoms

intra-abdominal infections, skin/soft-tissue infections, gynecologic infections, gastroenteritis

Salmonella Species - disease/symptoms

gastroenteritis, septicemia, enteric fever (typhoid), asymptomatic colonization

Shigella Species - disease/symptoms

shigellosis, bacterial dysentery, asymptomatic carriage

Yersinia pestis - disease/symptoms

bubonic plague - development of bubo, pneumonic plague

Klebsiella pneumoniae - disease/symptoms

pneumonia

Proteus mirabilis - disease/symptoms

urinary tract infections - cystitis and pylenephritis

Vibrio cholerae - disease/symptoms

cholera, gastroenteritis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - disease/symptoms

pulmonary infection, primary skin infections, UTIs, ear infections, eye infections, bacteremia

Burkholderia cepacia - disease/symptoms

pulmonary and opportunistic infections (UTIs, bacteremia)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - disease/symptoms

opportunistic infections (bacteremia, pneumonia)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - epidemiology

human hosts, asymptomatic carriage possible

Neisseria meningitidis - epidemiology

human hosts, asymptomatic carriage possible

Eikenella corrodens -epidemiology

human hosts, mouth flora

Kingella kingae - epidemiology

human hosts, children, mouth flora

Moraxella catarrhalis - epidemiology

human hosts, mouth flora

Haemophilus influenzae - epidemiology

human hosts, normal flora of nasopharynx, typically in children

Acinetobacter baumannii - epidemiology

hospital-acquired, human skin, at-risk include those on broad-spectrum antibiotics/recovering from surgery/on ventilators

Bordetella pertussis - epidemiology

humans only, younger children/older adults

Francisella tularensis - epidemiology

humans are accidental hosts, reservoirs (i.e. wild animals, ticks)

Brucella Species - epidemiology

humans are accidental hosts, animal reservoirs, unpasteurized dairy products are leading cause in humans

Bacteroides fragilis - epidemiology

humans and animals: colonizes gastrointestinal tract

Escherichia coli - epidemiology

most common in the gastrointestinal tract

Salmonella Species - epidemiology

strict human pathogen

Shigella Species - epidemiology

humans are the only reservoir, highly infectious

Yersinia pestis - epidemiology

zoonotic infection - humans are accidental hosts, two forms: urban plague, sylvatic plague

Klebsiella pneumoniae - epidemiology

distributed in nature, primarily in patients with depressed pulmonary function/control of respiratory secretions

Proteus mirabilis - epidemiology

present in human GI tract

Vibrio cholerae - epidemiology

human hosts only

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - epidemiology

prominent in nature/moist environments (i.e. hospital sites), human/plant hosts

Burkholderia cepacia - epidemiology

ccolonizes patients with increased susceptibility (i.e. cystic fibrosis, indwelling catheters, immunodeficiencies)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - epidemiology

moist areas of hospital, immunocompromised patients at risk

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - transmission

sexual contact

Neisseria meningitidis - transmission

inhalation of respiratory droplets, physical contact

Eikenella corrodens - transmission

human bite wound, fist fight injuries

Kingella kingae - transmission

from child-to-child

Pasteurella multocida - transmission

animal bites, scratches, or close contact (sharing food)

Bordetella pertussis - transmission

person-to-person via infectious aerosols

Francisella tularensis - transmission

animal/insect bite or scratch, highly contagious

Brucella Species - transmission

consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, close contact with animals

Escherichia coli - transmission

contaminated food/water, once human/animal is infected - pass via hand/mouth contact

Salmonella Species - transmission

person-to-person contact, ingestion of contaminated food/water

Shigella Species - transmission

person-to-person via fecal-oral