Typical Speech and Language Development Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering milestones in typical language development, Brown's stages of morphological development, age-related changes in geriatrics, theoretical views of acquisition, and distinctive features in phonetics.

Perlocutionary Period

The developmental stage (0–8/9 months) characterized by unintentional communication where vocalizations reflect automatic bodily responses defined by anatomy, such as burping and crying.

Illocutionary Period

The developmental stage (8/9–12 months) characterized by intentional communication, featuring jargon and Phonetically Consistent Forms (PCFs).

Reflexive Vocalizations

Automatic bodily vocal responses occurring from 0–2 months, including burping, crying, and nasalized vowel-like sounds with minimal resonance.

Cooing

Sounds produced in the back of the mouth between 2–4 months, featuring back vowels /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, a/ and consonants /k, g, ng, u/.

Vocal Play

Vocalizations occurring between 4–6 months that include raspberries, growls, squeaks, and the initial emergence of CV syllables.

Reduplicated Babbling

Repeated CVCV syllable chains (such as "dada") that emerge around 6+ months.

Variegated Babbling

CV syllable chains with variations in consonants and vowels that emerge around 6+ months.

Jargon

Longer strips of variegated babbling accompanied by sentence-like intonation patterns occurring during the illocutionary period.

Phonetically Consistent Forms (PCFs)

Consistent speech-like sound patterns used by infants (9–12 months) to represent specific objects or actions before true words emerge.

Brown's Stage I

Morphological stage occurring from 12–26 months with an MLU of $1.0 - 2.0$, characterized by a vocabulary of about 50 words and basic phrases with communicative intent.

Brown's Stage II

Morphological stage occurring from 27–30 months with an MLU of $2.0 - 2.5$, featuring present progressive -ing, prepositions "in" and "on", and regular plural -s.

Brown's Stage III

Morphological stage occurring from 31–34 months with an MLU of $2.5 - 3.0$, featuring irregular past tense, possessive 's, and uncontractible copula.

Brown's Stage IV

Morphological stage occurring from 35–40 months with an MLU of $3.0 - 3.75$, featuring articles (a, the), regular past tense (-ed), and third person regular present tense.

Brown's Stage V

Morphological stage occurring from 41–46+ months with an MLU of $3.75 - 4.5$, featuring third person irregular, uncontractible auxiliary, contractible copula, and contractible auxiliary.

Uncontractible Copula

A main verb that is the full form of 'to be' (e.g., "He is sick.").

Uncontractible Auxiliary

A helping verb that is the full form of 'to be' (e.g., "He was jumping.").

Contractible Copula

A main verb that is a shortened form of 'to be' (e.g., "She's happy.").

Contractible Auxiliary

A helping verb that is a shortened form of 'to be' (e.g., "She's dancing.").

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

The average number of morphemes per utterance, calculated using the formula $\text{MLU} = \frac{\text{total \# of morphemes}}{\text{total \# of utterances}}$.

Presbycusis

Age-related sensorineural hearing loss, specifically high-frequency hearing loss caused by hair cell damage in aging adults.

Presbyopia

Age-related vision loss causing farsightedness, typically treated with reading glasses.

Presbyphonia

Age-related voice changes resulting in a weaker, breathy voice with pitch changes, reduced loudness, laryngeal tension, and tremor.

Presbyphagia

Age-related swallow changes characterized by decreased strength, reduced taste sensation, slower swallow response, and more common laryngeal penetration.

Receptive Language

Language comprehension through listening and reading, which develops before expressive language.

Expressive Language

Language production through speaking and writing used to communicate wants, needs, and ideas.

Language Form

The structural framework of language consisting of phonology (speech sounds), syntax (word order), and morphology (word endings).

Language Content

The component of language encompassing semantics, word meanings, vocabulary, and how word meanings link together.

Language Use

The pragmatic domain of language that governs social rules and matching language to specific situations.

Nativist-Generative View

Noam Chomsky's nature theory asserting that language is innate, pre-specified, separate from other cognitive systems, and acquired via a Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

Constructionist-Interactionist View

A nurture-based perspective proposing that the environment guides language development, with no specific language processor in the brain and language interconnected with cognitive systems.

Behavioral Theory

B.F. Skinner's language acquisition theory asserting that children learn language through operant conditioning, stimulus-response mechanisms, drill, practice, and reinforcement.

Cognitive Theory

Jean Piaget's theory stating that children learn language like other cognitive skills, acquiring cognitive concepts prior to the language that represents them.

Critical Period Hypothesis

The principle that adequate linguistic stimuli must be provided before a critical age ($5 - 7$ years old) for full language command to be achieved.

Voice

A dimension used to classify speech sounds based on the activity of the vocal cords (voiced vs. voiceless).

Place of Articulation

The specific point of contact between articulators where a consonant sound is produced.

Manner of Articulation

The configuration and interaction between articulators during speech sound production.

Bilabial

A place of articulation produced using both lips.

Labiodental

A place of articulation produced using the upper front teeth and lower lip.

Interdental

A place of articulation produced with the tongue tip near or between the teeth.

Alveolar

A place of articulation produced with the tongue tip on or near the tooth ridge.

Palatal

A place of articulation produced by bringing the tongue body to the hard palate.

Velar

A place of articulation produced by placing the tongue body on or near the soft palate.

Glottal

A place of articulation produced in the throat, specifically between the vocal folds.

Shriberg's Early 8

The set of early-developing phonemes identified by Shriberg (1993): /m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/.

Shriberg's Middle 8

The set of mid-developing phonemes identified by Shriberg (1993): /t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ/.

Shriberg's Late 8

The set of late-developing phonemes identified by Shriberg (1993): /ʃ, ʒ, l, r, s, z, θ, ð/.