Option B Past paper

Outline one possible physical reason for the location of the Preservation Zone.

There is unusually high biodiversity here, which allows researchers to study many different species of coral, fish, and other organisms.

Outline one possible human reason for the location of the Preservation Zone.

It is inside the marine national park zone, which protects it from disturbance and pollution in the general use zone.

Explain two sovereignty rights that the nation on the map possesses over the area of water.

It has fishing rights (all of which are within 200 nautical miles) and is within the EEZ.

Large areas of un-vegetated arid land are visible s

Explain two effects of a hurricane on the physical environment of a coastal margin such as

Hurricanes can cause significant damage to coral reefs due to high wave energy destroying the coral and high rainfall reducing salinity, causing the coral to die.

Outline one reason why hurricane activity may increase when ocean temperatures are warmer.

Higher ocean temperatures result in greater evaporation, which provides more energy for the formation of hurricanes 

Outline one environmental problem associated with the growth of aquaculture.

Contamination of waters around the aquaculture farms caused by leaked chemicals.

Suggest how sustainable management of ocean fish stocks in low- and middle-income countries may have benefits for: local communities

Fishing provides employment so there is long-term job security due to the lack of alternative employment options in industrializing/emerging countries where there is increased pressure on fish stocks.

Suggest how sustainable management of ocean fish stocks in low- and middle-income countries may have benefits for: global environment

It stops fish from becoming extinct / allows biodiversity to thrive, which maintains the health of ocean ecosystems, thus protecting an important global commons.

Outline one reason why the ownership of one named ocean area or territory is contested.

Spratley Islands – multiple countries claim ownership because the islands are within their territorial waters.

Suggest one political challenge associated with the movement of oil around the globe by sea.

an international dispute can escalate between unfriendly countries when one country’s tankers move through the territorial waters of the other because of geographical features, such as narrow straits, causing choke points.

Suggest one environmental challenge associated with the movement of oil around the globe by sea.

Pollution from accidental spillage or accidents from tankers harms marine ecosystems, which is extremely difficult/costly and difficult to clean up as ocean currents disperse it over a wide area.

Outline one way in which the oceanic conveyor belt causes nutrient transfer.

The OCB helps to move nutrients vertically/horizontally / by upwelling eg the upwelling of the cold Antarctic current brings nutrients towards Peru

Explain one positive and one negative impact of El Niño on different places.

Decrease in anchovies due to warmer waters off the coast of Peru during an El Niño leading to / decreased fishing and a loss of income for the Peruvian fishing industry.(N)

reduced hurricane activity in the Atlantic so less damage to infrastructure (P)