ARTHIS 46 FINAL EXAM REVIEW

• Name: Statue of Senwosret III 

• Made out of: Stone (quartzite) 

• Time Period: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • The way in which some kings are displayed in the Middle Kingdom changes

  • Change in royal ideology = wrinkles on statues

• Name: Senwosret II Pyramid

• Made out of: Mudbrick and stone

• Location: Lahun

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: Old Kingdom Pyramids were typically always built out of stone

  • Mudbrick is not used in many royal constructions which portrays a change in ideology 

  • Connection to life cycles rather than divine kingship 

  • Some scholars argue that mudbrick was possibly used for economical reasons because Kings were not allowed to find the necessary stone to build the pyramids

• Name: Gold and precious stones

• Made out of: 

• Location: Dahshur

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: Pectorals 

  • One on the right: King is trampling people 

    • Two different enemies/use different stones to differentiate people

    • Griffins is symbolizing the King and the protector of Egypt

  • One on the left: 

    • Asiatics = people from modern Israel and Palestine

  • Violence is not really common on objects but only royal would have access to these objects 

  • Pectorals from the burial of Mereret, a royal woman 

  • The pectorals convey power and authority

• Name: White Chapel of Senworsret I at Karnak 

• Made out of: Limestone 

• Location: Karnak

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • Senwosret I built temples all over the places 

  • He actively built temples

  • Has both administrative and religious functions 

  • Administrative = lists of different regions inscribed on the walls and taxation on goods

  • Religious = structure  has chapel with little columns and ramps 

    • Would have been used for divine processions (Statue of God would be taken out of temple by priest and places in something similar to a boat and placed on a shrine)

    • Priests would go up one way and place the shrine in the middle before continuing (served as a resting place) 

• Name: Painting from tomb of Djehutihotep 

• Location: Deir el-Bersha 

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • Statue of someone sitting on a chair (chair is on a large piece of wood)

  • People are dragging the statue 

• Name: Town of Lahun

• Location: Pyramid town of Senwosret II 

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

• Name: Middle Kingdom grave goods 

• Built out of:  Painted and carved wood 

• Location: Tomb of Meketre

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

  •  Objects are being buried in tombs 

  • Performing similar functions to what the daily life of performed in the Old Kingdom functions 

• Name: Magic wands

• Built out of: Ivory

• Location: Found in tombs 

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: Protective entity holding a knife

  • Frog = ties to afterlife beliefs (tied to fertility) 

  • Images here all seem to be protected

  • Animals holding knives (associated with protection) 

  • Were possibly used to protect the mother during childbirth 

    • Possibly priest would have taken the wand and drawn a circle around the mother to protect them 

• Name: Nubian Archers 

• Built out of: Carved and painted wood 

• Location: Model from a Middle Kingdom tomb 

• Timeline: N/A

• Significance: 

  • Nubian people were portrayed with darker skin color 

  • Nubians were considered really good archers (people with bow and arrows were associated with the Nubians) 

  • Nubians are not threatening to the tomb owner 

  • Were seen as good ally to have in battle 

  • Examples of Nubians living in Egypt and live there in a non-threatening manner 

• Name: Buhen Fortress 

• Built out of: Mudbrick

• Location: Nubia 

• Timeline: Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • Built in the first wave of construction during the 12th dynasty 

  • Internal area contained a temple, houses, command building 

  • Egyptians who were at the fortresses were actually living (live, get married, die there)

• Name: Uronarti Fortress 

• Built out of: Mudbrick 

• Location: Nubia 

• Timeline: 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • Had to adapt to the landscape which is why it is shaped differently than others 

  • They were small, but had everything that was needed

• Name: Statue of high-ranking Hyksos 

• Location: From cemetery at Tell el-Dab’a

• Made out of: Limestone

• Timeline: Late Middle Kingdom 

• Significance: 

  • The clothing is different and hairstyle was not an Egyptian hairstyle 

  • Holding a throw stick which was not used by Egyptians

  • Statue was smashed and pieces were scattered around cemetery 

  • Throw stick = commonly associated with Asiatics in Egyptian history 

  • Arm of statue has hints of faded painting 

• Name: Western Deffufa (temple site) 

• Location: Kerma

• Made out of: Mudbrick

• Timeline: Second Intermediate Period 

• Significance: 

  • Shows 

• Name: Funerary assemblage of Ahhotep Ahmoses’s mother

• Location: Found in her tomb

• Made out of: 

• Timeline: End of 2nd Intermediate Period/reunification 

• Significance: 

  • Ahmoses gives his mom credit for winning the war 

  • Gives a lot of honor for her funerary assemblage

  • Has axes, knives, jewelry which was typically not associated with women 

  • Necklace of flies = Golden Valor

  •  

• Name: Hatshepsut and Amun 

• Location: Top of obelisk, Karnak

• Built out of: Carved on limestone

• Timeline: 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • The blue crown (looks like a cap) with a little snake thing on his head which represents a King 

  • The blue crown is normally used when depicted in battle/war

  • King is kneeling in front of a God 

  • The really tall headdress with feathers represents the God Amun 

  • This is a woman, not a male 

  • A predecessor and rose to kingship, but sometimes depicts herself as a woman and sometimes as a man 

• Name: Karnak Temple

• Location: Thebes

• Built out of: Stone

• Timeline: Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom 

• Significance:

  • Started in the Middle Kingdom, but grows in the New Kingdom as Kings go back to 

  • Was not only built by one person, but rather multiple people 

  • Transformed the religious landscape of Thebes by adding a door to connect to Luxor (Hatshepsut)

• Name: Divine birth Hatshepsut 

• Location: Deir el-Bahri 

• Built out of: N/A 

• Timeline: 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom 

• Significance 

  • Lineage and power to the connection of the Gods 

  • Far left picture shows Amun, mother of Hatshepsut pictured as a goddess 

  • Holding an and which is a symbol of life 

  • Amun is giving life to Hatshepsut’s mom (pictured as a goddess) 

  • Consummating their union which will lead to her creation (basically says she is the child of the God Amun) 

  • Powerful statement of her lineage 

• Name: Valley of the Kings

• Location: El-Qurn Peak, Thebes

• Built out of: 

• Timeline: New Kingdom 

• Significance: 

  • Chosen as the location of the burial of New Kingdom kings 

  • Carved into the base of this peak 

  • Related to changing royal ideology 

  • Motivation for this change in burial type is because they wanted their tombs to be hidden and protected from looting 

  • Tomb of Thutmose III is the first tomb in the Valley of the Kings 

• Name: Colossi of Memnon Quartzite

• Location: Kom el-Hetan, mortuary temple of Amenhotep III

• Built out of: Quartzite

• Timeline: 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom 

• Significance: 

  • Royal women are shown next to him 

  • Called the name because visitors of Egypt would connect it to the greek mythological feature 

  • Statue seemed to be interacting with the Greek visitors 

• Name: Colossus of Akhenaten 

• Built out of: Sandstone 

• Location: Karnak 

• Time Period: 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom 

• Significance: 

  • False beard, crown/headdress, kilt, snake, symbols of kingship (crook and the flare) = kings

  • Nose/face elongated which was not typically seen in Egypt

  • Realistic depictions of this individual; an idealization that the King shows to be portrayed because of a change in relationship between the King and the God during this time period 

• Name: Sculptors Bek and Men offering to Akhenaten and Amenhotep III

• Built out of: Rock carving 

• Location: Aswan 

• Time Period: 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom

• Significance: 

  • Good representation of why Akhenaten is depicted as he is because of artists 

  • Clearly demonstrating that depending on which king they were serving,  the style was very different 

  • Akhenaten has different clothing and the sun disk (Atun)/ sun rays can represent giving life to the King 

  • Clearly reflects a shift in artistic style from (due to changing religious beliefs) 

• Name: Amarna princesses Kings House

• Built out of: Paint on plaster 

• Location: Amarna 

• Time Period: Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom 

• Significance: 

  • Weirdly shaped skull represents images of the time 

  • Royal family had mainly daughters which were shown in imagery 

  • Intimate scenes where they seem to be playing (a scene that would not be depicted before the Amarna art period) 

  • It is from a palace

• Name: Stela from garden shrine 

• Built out of: Carved stone 

• Location: Amarna elite house 

• Time Period: Eighteenth Dynasty 

• Significance: 

  • Aten is not the one being worshipped here, but rather the family 

  • A shrine at the elite house in which the residents of the house would bring offerings too 

  • In order to get to the Aten, you must need to worship the King and Queen (intermediates between humans and the Aten)