Unit 2: Population and Migration patterns

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live across a certain area, often analyzed in terms of density and demographic characteristics.

Population Density

The number of people living per unit of area, commonly measured in people per square kilometer or mile.

Midlatitudes

Regions of the Earth located between the tropics and polar areas, characterized by moderate climates and population concentrations.

Social stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society, often based on factors like wealth, income, education, and social status.

Arithmetic Population Density

A measure that calculates population density by dividing the total population by the total land area, providing an average number of people per unit of area.

Physiological population density

A measure that calculates population density by dividing the total population by the arable land area, reflecting the distribution of people in relation to productive land.

Arable

land suitable for growing crops.

Agricultural population density

How many agricultural workers are present relative to arable land.

Overpopulation

Having more people than it can support

Redistricting

the action or process of dividing or organizing an area into new political or school districts

Infrastructure

structures, systems and facilities serving the economy of an area

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of a species an environment can support

Age-sex composition graph 

population pyramid

population pyramid

a graphical tool that shows the age and sex distribution of a population at a specific time

cohorts

a group of same aged individuals

birth deficit

number of births in a population is lower than the number of deaths 

Baby boom

when hostilities end and the birth rate spikes

Baby bust

a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate

Echo

When the babies born from an earlier baby boom reaches child-bearing age

Potential workforce

the total number of people in a population who are in the typical working-age range (15-64)

Dependent population

those who rely on the working-age population or support (under 15 or over 64)

Dependency Ratio 

measures the proportion of a population that is considered dependent on others for support

Immigrants

Migrants moving into an area

Emigrants

Migrants leaving an area

Crude Birth rate

The average annual number of births during a year per 1000 persons in a population

Crude Death Rate

The average annual number of deaths during a year per 1000 people in a population

Total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman will have during her child-bearing years

Life expectancy 

the average number of years that people live

Infant mortality rate

the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a year per 1000 live births

Rate of natural increase

the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occuring in a year divided by 10

Population doubling time

the time it takes for a population to double

Demographic Transition Model

a model to show the effects of a country's development on its population growth or decrease

Demographic momentum

a population continuing to grow after TFR gave declined

Epidemiological transition model

explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies 

Malthusian theory

population growth outpaces food production, leading to a cycle of suffering from famine, disease, and war

Overpopulation

Exceeds carrying capacity

Boserup theory

Higher population means more hands to help out with food production and labor

Neo-malthusian

agree with his theory

Anti-natalism policies

system that promotes smaller families and attempts to lower TFR

Pro-natalism policies

system that provides social and or economic incentives to support reproduction (increase population)

Voluntary migration

when someone chooses to move from one place to another

push factor

negative conditions that compels people to leave their homes

pull factor

a positive attribute in a new location that attracts people to move there

Migration transition model

Zelinsky’s model that causes stage 2 & 3 (overcrowding) to move to stage 4 & 5 for better opportunities 

intervening obstacles

physical barriers and political restrictions and economic that gets in the way.

intervening opportunity

influences a persons decision to settle somewhere else instead of the original destination

Distance decay

as distances increase, interaction between them decreases

gravity model of migration

predicts likelihood of migration between two places based on their population size and distances

step migration

starts small (rural, then town, then big city

counter migration

people migrate from one area to another while people from the area they’re moving to are moving to their homes

return migration

people returning home after living abroad

Internal displaced person

forced to leave their home but is still within their country

Transnational migration

people moving to a new country but bringing their culture and roots with them

chain migration

some one moving to a new country then family coming

guest workers

countries offer people to come to their country to work and can be temporary and permanent

transhumance

seasonal movement of people and their livestock moving due to seasonal change (higher elevation)

remittances

money sent to their family and friends in the country they left

brain drain

countries offering university students to come to their country and they stay and have many degrees

ethnic enclaves

like little Italy in NYC