intro to bio ch 11 how genes are controlled (gene regulation)

What is gene regulation?

The control of gene expression.

What is gene expression?

The process by which information flows from DNA to proteins.

Gene regulations…

turns genes on and off.

During gene regulation, genes are _________ when a protein is needed, and ________ when a protein is not needed (prevents waste).

active, inactive

Gene regulation can ______ which proteins are ________ (allows organisms to adapt to environmental changes).

change, produced

Gene regulation controls which genes are expressed during…

embryonic development

What is cellular differentiation?

Cells become specialized in structure and function.

different cell types express different genes due to…

gene regulation (during the process of cellular differentiation).

Condensation of the DNA into chromosomes prevents…

transcription.

DNA packaging occurs during ____ ________ as the chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

cell division.

During DNA packaging, some regions of a chromosome are _________ during the entire cell cycle

compacted.

In DNA packaging, modification to histones…

control the compaction of chromatin.

In DNA packaging, addition of a methyl group…

causes chromatin to become more compacted (reduces transcription).

In DNA packaging, addition of a acetyl group…

causes chromatin to become more open (increases transcription).

Epigenetics is traits, which do not involve the DNA sequence, that can be…

inherited.

Epigenetics applies modifications to the ___ or ________.

DNA, histones

In Epigenetics, what is DNA methylation?

The addition of a methyl group to bases of DNA (often cytosine). Which often inactivates the gene.