exam 1 final

Systemic Anatomy

The structures that make up a discrete body system.

Homeostasis

The state of dynamic stability of the body’s internal conditions.

Negative Feedback Loop

A mechanism that reverses a deviation from a set point.

Organelles

Protective membranous structures that enclose tiny functioning units within human cells.

Organ

A structure of the body that is composed of two or more tissue types.

Anatomical Position

The body standing upright with feet apart and parallel, palms facing forward.

Anterior Cavity

Includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Pericardium

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

Coxal Bone

Refers to the hip.

Popliteal

Refers to the back of the knee.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Regulated psychological variables, such as blood glucose levels.

Integumentary System

Creates a barrier that protects the body from pathogens and fluid loss and provides sensory reception.

Urinary System

Contributes to blood pressure, pH homeostasis, and removes waste products.

Distal

The coxal region is distal to the femoral region.

Atomic Weight

Roughly equal to the number of protons and neutrons, plus a little weight from electrons.

Isotope

An element distinguished by a different number of neutrons compared to the elemental form.

Ionic Bond

An ongoing close association between ions of opposite charges.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

In a covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

Metabolism

The total of all the chemical reactions that occur inside the body.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis, decomposition, and exchange.

Enzymes

Reduce the activation energy required for chemical reactions to proceed.

Element in Proteins

All proteins contain nitrogen.

Inorganic Compound

A substance that does not contain carbon or hydrogen.

Microtubules

Primarily composed of tubulin proteins.

Cellular Membranes Components

Fossil, lipid, cholesterol, and proteins.

Residual Fluid

Part of the extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels.

Membrane Lipid Bilayer Function

To control the movement of all polar charged or large molecules across the membrane.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that has a lower concentration of solids than the cells it surrounds.

Cytoplasm

The watery inside of the cell that contains all compartments and organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

Provides membrane passage for transporting, synthesizing, and storing materials.

Microvilli Function

Tiny and numerous projections on the surface of cells that expand surface area.

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA

Represented by the letters A, T, C, and G.

Translation

The process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids.

Ribosomes

Non-membrane organelles composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

Cell Cycle Phases

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell that can be replicated as needed.

Phospholipid Molecule Structure

A hydrophilic, polar phosphate head and a hydrophobic, nonpolar lipid tail.

mRNA Processing

It leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

Collagen

The most abundant protein in the human body.

Types of Cell to Cell Connections

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Gap Junctions

Specialized cell junctions that allow electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells.

Epithelial Tissue Function

Protection, a tissue barrier.

Characteristics of Epithelia

Highly cellular with little or no extracellular material present between cells.

Epithelial Cell Classification Characteristics

Shape and number of cell layers.

Simple Squamous Epithelium Observation

Rapid passage of certain chemical compounds.

Modes of Exocrine Secretion

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.

Components of Connective Tissue

Specialized cells, large amounts of ground substance, and proteins.

Categories of Connective Tissue

Proper, supportive, and fluid.

Fibroblasts

Responsible for synthesizing protein fibers.

Skeletal Muscle Scale

Attached to bones and produces body movements.

Skeletal Muscle Cells Characteristics

Remain relatively constant in number throughout life because they are incapable of mitosis due to their shape and multinucleation.

Synapse

A gap between a neuron and its target.

Dendrites

Short branches of the neuronal cell body that receive signals from neighboring cells.

Types of Tissue Membranes

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial.

Mucous

Secreted onto apical surfaces by many epithelial cells to reduce friction.

Alveoli Epithelial Type

Made up of simple squamous epithelium.

Exocrine Gland Ducts Epithelial Type

Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.

Ciliated Epithelial Cells Location

Typically found in the conducting zone of the respiratory tract as pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Adipocytes

Cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm.

Intercalated Discs

Specialized junctions between cardiomyocytes.

Gila Cells Effect on Mice

Injecting glial cells into mouse brains improved their problem-solving and memory skills.

Inflammation

Limits the extent of injury and initiates repair and regeneration of damaged tissue.

Wound Repair Process

During wound repair, collagen fibers are laid down randomly by fibroblasts to close the wound.

Nuclear Envelope Pores Function

Allow passage for certain proteins and hormones in, and RNA out.

Peroxisomes

Characterized as 'killers' or 'garbage cans' that break down foreign/suspect materials and detoxify substances.

Mitosis Phases

Interphase is not a phase of mitosis.

Testosterone and Estrogen

Examples of lipid molecules.

Storing Extra Glucose Chemical Reaction

Dehydration synthesis.

Cartilage Characteristics

Avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels.

Connective Tissue Function Exception

Absorbing nutrients is not a function of connective tissue.