A&P Midterm

Mitosis…

is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cell as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein?

Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex.

1.Molecules

2.Atoms

3.Tissues

4.Cells

2, 1, 4, 3, 5

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as heart is called ____ anatomy.

gross

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

frontal

passive membrane transport include____.

A movement of a substance down it’s concentration gradient

Lungs carry out an excretory function

True

A red blood cell placed in pure water would____.

swell and burst

Which of the following is False in regarding the membrane potential?

The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by transport processes

Phagocytosis is used by the cell to secrete intracellular substances to the outside of the cell

False

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize_____.

pinocytosis

Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: (positive or negative feedback)

1. Used for changes in blood

2. Used for changes in blood pressure

3. Used when activating the digestive system before an upcoming meal

4. Used for childbirth

1. Negative feedback

2. Negative feedback

3. Positive feedback

4. positive feedback

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

A tissue consists of a group of similar cells that have a common function.

True

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains____.

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Apoptosis is programmed cell death; cancer cells do not undergo this process

True

Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

True

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process?

to maintain homeostasis

Match the following systems and organs:

Organs:

1. Uterus, ovaries, mammary glands

2. Trachea, bronchi, alveoli

3. Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary

4. Esophagus, large intestine, rectum

5. Kidneys, bladder, ureters

1. reproductive

2. respiratory

3. endocrine

4. digestive

5. urinary

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ____.

positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or “ideal” level

In tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ____ between the individual cells of the tissue.

desmosomes

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.

True

Cuboidal cells are flattened and scale-like when mature

True

The primary blast cell for cartilage is the ____.

chondroblast

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is most likely to result from increased sebaceous activity?

increased oily appearance and more acne

The first step in tissue repair involves____.

inflammation

Epithelial cells contain both blood vessels and nerve fibers.

False

Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?

blood vessels

Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair?

formation of new stem cells

select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue

it’s primary function is nutrient storage

Cartilage has good regenerative capacity. While most epithelial tissues do not.

False

A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is____.

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

the reticular layer

The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but it’s beneficial function differ.

True

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ___.

collagen

Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance?

sebaceous gland

Glands, such as the thyroid that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as____.

endocrine

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

____ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

pseudostratified columnar

Which is true concerning muscle tissue?

highly cellular and well vascularized

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

The protein found in large amounts in the superficial layer of epidermal cells is keratin

True

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ____.

fibers and ground substance

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

True

There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae

True

Bones are constantly undergoing reabsorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

The term vertebrosternal ribs refers to “false ribs,” that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.

False

When looking at the range of motion of the various sections of the vertebral column the ___ has the most flexibility.

cervical spine

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ___.

calcium and vitamin D

The hyoid bone is unique because it ____.

is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone

short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of thin plates of compact bone covered by spongy bone

False

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

All synovial joints are freely movable

Spongy bone contains____.

trabeculae

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ___.

osteoblast

Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris

True

Osteoclasts are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption

True

All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable

True

The “true wrist” or carpus consists of ____.

A group of eight short bones united by ligaments

The pelvic girdle does NOT include the ____.

femur

The dens articulates with the occipital bone

False

Articulations permitting only sight degrees of movement are ____.

amphiarthroses

A situation where the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue is a ____.

syndesmosis

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ____.

hands and feet

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of____.

bone formation

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient

hip bone

The axial skeleton includes ____.

the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

What vertebra does NOT have a body?

atlas

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called____.

bursae

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ____.

hyperextension

On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _____.

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Which of the following is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and reabsorption?

Paget’s disease

The femur is the largest and strongest bone in the body.

True

Gliding movements occur when one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface slides or slips over another.

True

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk

True

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the _____.

diaphysis

What i moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

What are the major functions of the intervertebral discs?

to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine

What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called?

an agonist (prime mover)

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active site?

actin filaments

The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ____.

myofibrils

Troponin, a major protein in thin filaments, is a globular protein with three polypeptide subunits. Which of the following is NOT a function of the troponin?

One subunit binds to potassium ions

The ability of muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known as ___, and sets muscle apart from other tissue types.

contractility

What structure in skeletal muscle cells function in calcium storage?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part a muscle’s name, what does it tell you about the muscle?

The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively

Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.

False

Myoglobin___.

stores oxygen in muscle cells

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of a muscle twitch?

latent, contraction, relaxation

if L=load, F=fulcrum, and E=effort, what type of leveler system is described as FLE?

second-class lever

What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts?

a synergist

The muscle attachment point on the bone that moves the most is called the blank____.

insertion

What is the major factor controlling how levers work?

the difference in the positioning of the effort, load and fulcrum

Cardiac muscle is nonstriated and under voluntary control

False

Which of these is NOT a way of classifying muscles?

the type of muscle fibers

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents Ach in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?

acetylcholinesterase breaks apart the Ach