HIST 1020 Exam

Tabula Rogeriana

Tabula Rogeriana

BCE/CE

Before Common Era and Common Era

"History" v. "the past"

History is subjective and an attempt to analyze what happened. The past is what actually happened it's a fact

Primary sources

Historical documents, records, diaries, letters, memoirs

Secondary sources

Analysis, synthesis, or argument of primary sources collected and presented by a historian

Tertiary sources

Large works like textbooks

Political history

History from the top down (history of leaders)

Social history

History from the bottom up (history of common folk)

Reductionism

Analyzing and describing complex phenomena on a simpler more fundamental levelthat often overlooks the broader context.

Aggregation

A large group or collection of people, animals, or things. to come together

Received Wisdom

A collection of ideas or explanations that are generally accepted by the public or experts in a field

Epistemology

Branch of philosophy that examines the nature of knowledge

Asymptote

A line that a graph approaches but never touches.

Translation

Translation conveys the meaning of words from one language to another

Transliteration

Transliteration represents the sounds or characters of a word in a different writing system

Transcription

Writing down info in documents

Monolith

Single entity of large size

Causality

cause and effect relationship

Chronology

Arrangement of events in time

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables

Context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.

Presentism

Judging people by cultural values of the here and now

Complexity

History isn't uniform, theres a lot of variables and moving parts

Change/Continuity

What has changed? What has remained the same?

Contingency

The idea essentially, nothing was/is inevitable or predestined

Teleological

showing or relating to design or purpose, especially in nature. There is a path for a journey or a track history has to stay on.

Counterfactual

an educated guess as to what would have happened had a policy or an event not occurred

Critical thinking

making judgments and conclusions
about history (or anything else) by use of logic, reason,
evidence, and the suppression of one's own
biases and assumptions.

Black Death

bubonic plague, a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe. disease carried by fleas on rats

Buboes

oozing sores

Plague accelerants

Climate change (little ice age made society weaker)
Trade (rats were on caravans and voyages)
Transportation

Veneration

A return to values of the past, reverence, respect

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Ibn Rushd

Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam

Ibn Sina

The famous Islamic scientist and philosopher who organized the medical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into the Canon of Medicine

Humanism (Renaissance)

celebrate being a human and how we are the height of God's creation

Michelangelo Buonarroti

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Leonardo da Vinci

artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines

Isabella of Castile

Her marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Reconquista

Spain was regaining control of their land from muslims in north africa. It ended with the Battle of Granada in 1491.

Inquisition

An effort launched
in 1478 to maintain Catholic
purity in the face of "proto-
Protestants" and Jews and
Muslims who had claimed to
have converted. It was a brutal
system of torture and execution
overseen by Dominican friar
Tomas de Torquemada.

Torquemada

the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498) (where torture came from)

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

The oldest continuously-existing European city in the US. established by mendez

Cortes

conquered the aztecs of mexico

Factors in Spanish defeat of Aztecs

Firearms, Horses, Alliances with neighboring tribes, Decapitation (not literally), Disease (smallpox)

Dona Marina/La Malinche

Native woman who had children with cortes and later deceived the tribe leader to help cortes.

Iconography

Study and interpretation of visual images and visuals images Catholicism uses physical objects in its rituals, statues and paintings. Natives in central america did as well.

Weapons of terror

Weapons meant to frighten and confuse an opposing military unit into disarray or surrender

Columbian Exchange

Contact (trade) between old world (afro eurasia) and new world (the americas) this was biological, ecological, and economic. It went both directions

Homogenocene

An era where various biological areas (continents) of the world had some degree of contact

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans. Many historians have deemed this the worst human and cultural tragedy in history.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Protestant Reformation

religious movement that tried to fix christianity and corruption and started a new branch called protestantism

Erasmus

influenced martin luther he encouraged change to the catholic church wanted it to be more humanistic

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

95 theses

nailed 95 theses (arguments, statements of protest)and submitted the theses to the church hierarchy in november 1517

Corruption

an institution no longer serves its original purpose but is operating for the benefit of the people in power.

Indulgences

the idea that someone can purchase forgiveness of their sins. With the goal of limiting their time in purgatory

Priesthood of believers

People should pursue their salvation on their own.

Vernacular

Language spoken by ordinary people (bibles were in latin, a language only spoken by priests. Luther said they should be translated to a language everyone can understand.)

Sacraments

things considered necessary for salvation in catholic church but were rejected by martin luther

Simony

Sale of valuable (powerful) church offices

Opulence

The high level priests, popes,and bishops extorted money lo live lavish lives

European Wars of Religion

bloody fights broke out and the two groups prosecuted each other for it. Individual choice wasn't a thing everyone wanted everyone to conform to one or the other these prejudices are still around today.

Heresy/heretical

Beliefs or opinions differ from christianity, promoting lies and untruths about christianity

Sack of Magdeburg

Worst Massacre of 30 Years War, destruction of the Protestant city of Magdeburg on May 20 1631 by the Imperial Army and the forces of the Catholic League, resulting in the deaths of around 20,000, including both defenders and non-combatants.

Thirty Years War

Protestants vs Catholicism (protestants forcing catholics to switch) a series of battles that took place in Europe from 1618 to 1648. It was fought over religious, political, and territorial differences.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic church responded to Luther by excommunicating (removing from the church) him, and then undertook a long project of 1. Opposing the spread of Protestantism 2. Enacting some of the reforms the Reformation called for.

Council of Trent

affirmed nearly all of the traditional Catholic doctrine but also called for better training of priests and reforms of the more egregious corruption. The Roman Catholic church does not sell indulgences any longer.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaties that ended the 30 years war

African Ritual Slavery

Generally involved prisoners of war or hostages held for debt, ransom, or during war between tribes.Thus slave status was not necessarily permanent. These slaves were typically adult males only, not women and children.

Chattel Slavery

The type of slavery that developed in the Americas. enslaved for a lifetime, they were property men women and children

Stono Rebellion

A slave revolt that began on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave rebellion in the Southern Colonial era, with 25 colonists and 35 to 50 African slaves killed.

Reasons for African slave labor in the Americas

Labor, market, resistance to malaria, couldn't blend in

The Middle Passage

brutal transatlantic journey of kidnapped Africans from their homeland to the Americas for sale as slaves. (thousands of trips over hundreds of years)

Thomas Thistlewood

Slave owner who did horrible things to his slaves, extreme degradation and humiliation along with thousands of accounts of rape.