Chapter 17: Clinical Psychology: Treatment

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology

________ is the treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs.

Lithium carbonate

________, a salt, is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Countertransference

________ may occur if the therapist transfers his or her own feelings onto the patient.

Anxiolytics

________ depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety while increasing feelings of well- being and reducing insomnia.

Norpramin

Tricyclics, like ________, Amitriptyline, and Imipramine increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Biological therapies

________ are medical approaches to behavioral problems.

broad classes

There are four ________ of psychotropic, or psychologically active drugs: antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and lithium salts.

Implosion

________ is a similar technique, in which the client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting them.

Twelve step programs

________ are one form of group therapy, although they are usually not moderated by professional psychotherapists.

Antipsychotics

________ like Clozapine, Thorazine, and Haldol reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the neural receptors for dopamine.

Fritz Perls

________ developed this approach to blend an awareness of unconscious tensions with the belief that one must become aware of and deal with those tensions by taking personal responsibility.

active listener

The therapist is honest, open, and emotional with the client (an ________)

Maladaptive schemas

________ include arbitrary inference, in which a person draws conclusions without evidence, and dichotomous thinking, which involves all- or- none conceptions of situations.

Valium

Benzodiazepines, which also include ________ (Diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide), cause muscle relaxation and a feeling of tranquility.

psychoanalytic approach

The ________ to the treatment of disordered behavior is rooted in the concept of insight.

Electroconvulsive therapy

________ (ECT) is a form of treatment in which fairly high voltages of electricity are passed across a patients head.

Cognitive approaches

________ to the treatment of disordered behavior rely on changing cognitions, or the ways people think about situations, in order to change behavior.

MAO

Antidepressants can be grouped into three types: monoamine oxidase (________) inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective reuptake inhibitors.

humanistic school of psychology

The ________ takes a related, yet different approach to the treatment of disordered behavior.

Biological therapies

________ are typically used in conjunction with one of the previously mentioned forms of treatment.

There are four broad classes of psychotropic, or psychologically active drugs

antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and lithium salts

Antidepressants can be grouped into three types

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective reuptake inhibitors

Insight

the cause of the problem, according to this theory, is the primary key to eliminating the problem.

Psychoanalysis

psychoanalytic therapy, as it is sometimes called, was first developed by Freud and focuses on probing past defense mechanisms of repression and rationalization to understand the unconscious cause of a problem

Countertransference

may occur if the therapist transfers his or her own feelings onto the patient.

Client-centered therapy

was invented by Carl Rogers and involves the assumption that clients can be understood only in terms of their own realities.

accurate empathic understanding

The final key to successful therapy is

Gestalt therapy

which combines both physical and mental therapies.

Fritz Perls

developed this approach to blend an awareness of unconscious tensions with the belief that one must become aware of and deal with those tensions by taking personal responsibility.

Behavioral therapy

stands in dramatic contrast to the insight therapies.

Counterconditioning

is a technique in which a response to a given stimulus is replaced by a different response.

aversion therapy

in which an aversive stimulus is repeatedly paired with the behavior that the client wishes to stop.

systematic desensitization

Another method used for counterconditioning is

extinction procedures

which are designed to weaken maladaptive responses.

Flooding

involves exposing a client to the stimulus that causes the undesirable response.

Implosion

is a similar technique, in which the client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting them.

Operant conditioning

is a behavior-control technique that we discussed in the chapter on learning.

behavioral contracting

in which the therapist and the client draw up a contract by which they both agree to abide.

Modeling

is a therapeutic approach based on Bandura’s social learning theory.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

sometimes called simply RET

cognitive therapy

formulated by Aaron Beck, in which the focus is on maladaptive schemas.

arbitrary inference

in which a person draws conclusions without evidence

dichotomous thinking

which involves all-or-none conceptions of situations.

Biological Therapies

are typically used in conjunction with one of the previously mentioned forms of treatment.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

is a form of treatment in which fairly high voltages of electricity are passed across a patient’s head.

prefrontal lobotomy

in which parts of the frontal lobes are cut off from the rest of the brain.

Psychopharmacology

is the treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs.

Antipsychotics

like Clozapine, Thorazine, and Haldol reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the neural receptors for dopamine.

Antidepressants

can be grouped into three types: monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective reuptake inhibitors.

MAO inhibitors

like Eutron, work by increasing the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft.

Tricyclics

like Norpramin, Amitriptyline, and Imipramine increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine.

elective reuptake inhibitors

(often called the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, for the neurotransmitter most affected by them) also work by increasing the amount of neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft, in this case by blocking the reuptake mechanism of the cell that released the neurotransmitters.

Anxiolytics

depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety while increasing feelings of well-being and reducing insomnia.

Benzodiazepines

which also include Valium (Diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide), cause muscle relaxation and a feeling of tranquility.

Lithium carbonate

a salt, is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Group therapy

in which clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group, has some advantages over individual therapy.

Twelve-step programs

are one form of group therapy, although they are usually not moderated by professional psychotherapists.

couples or family therapy

This type of treatment arose out of the simple observation that some dysfunctional behavior affects the afflicted person’s loved ones.