Unit 3 - Health & Illness 2

skin, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils/adenoids, spleen

list 5 organs involved in the immune system

liver

where are most of the blood proteins of the complement system produced?

infection & cancer

what are the two major types of problems that arise from suppressed immune response?

primary immunodeficiency

entire immune defense system is inadequate

secondary immunodeficiency

intentional or acquired immune system deficit that may occur as a result of treatment (ex: chemotherapy)

type I exaggerated immune response

IgE mediated - immediate reaction

ex: anaphylaxis

type II exaggerated immune response

cytotoxic (tissue specific) - IgG & IgM mediated

ex: hemolytic transfusion reactions

type III exaggerated immune response

immune complex

ex: lupus, RA

type IV exaggerated immune response

delayed (cell mediated), tissue damage occurs within 24-48 hours

ex: TB test, contact dermatitis

gay and bisexual men

which population is at the highest risk of HIV?

ELISA and Western blot

what are 2 tests used to test for HIV?

stage 1

acute HIV infection, asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms

• high viral load

• very contagious

stage 2

chronic HIV infection, clinical latency (active but reproduces at low levels)

• CD4: 200-499

CD4 < 200, 1+ opportunistic infections

what are the criteria for when HIV becomes AIDS?

stage 3

AIDS, immunocompromised

• high viral load and infections

• CD4 <200

• opportunistic infections

malignant cells

cells that lack differentiation, are irregular in shape, invasive, and may recur

lungs, liver, lymph nodes, bone, brain

name the 5 areas that are most common for metastasis

Tumor, Node, Metastasis

what are the 3 parts of the TNM cancer staging system?

cure, control, or relieve symptoms

what are the 3 goals of cancer treatment?

pancytopenia

ALL CELLS affected by treatment

nadir

“low point” when cell counts are the lowest and treatment is stopped

tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)

rapid destruction of large volume of cancer cells

common in leukemias

→ electrolyte imbalances, renal failure, seizure, dysrhythmias, death

SIRS criteria

• temperature (high or low)

• tachycardia

• tachypnea

• trends (high or low WBCs OR >10% bands)

infective endocarditis (IE)

infection & inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

risk factors: cardiac damage, IV drug use, systemic infections, invasive catheters, valve replacements

manifestations: flu-like sx, new/worsening heart murmur, splenomegaly, petechiae, splinter hemorrhages, Osler’s nodes, vegetations on valves

diagnostic: transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

treatment: long-term antibiotics, surgical intervention

myocarditis

most commonly caused by virus

manifestations: pleural friction rub, fatigue, fever, dyspnea, malaise

diagnostics: ECG

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium (sac around the heart)

may be acute (viral) or chronic (may → fibrosis)

risk factors: men <50, TB, viral or bacterial infections, ESRD, post cardiac injury/MI, cancer pts

manifestations: ST segment elevation, pericardial friction rub, pain relieved when leaning forward, precordial chest pain, MIMICS AN MI

pericardial effusion

abnormal collection of fluid between the pericardial layers

may → cardiac tamponade

treatment: pericardiocentesis

cardiac tamponade

compression of heart d/t pericardial effusion, trauma, or hemorrhage

hallmark sign: pulsus paradoxus (drop in SBP > 10 mmHg on inspiration)

stable angina

chest pain that is associated with exertion and relieved with rest and nitroglycerin

unstable angina

chest pain that is unpredictable and may occur at rest or with activity

acute coronary syndrome

coronary blood flow is reduced but not completely occluded → imbalance between oxygen supply and demand

lactic acid

which product of anaerobic metabolism causes the pain associated with ischemia of the heart?

preload

pressure generated at the end of diastole

afterload

force opposing ventricular contraction

ejection fraction

percentage of end diastolic volume that is ejected with each contraction

normal: 50-70%

S4

which heart sound is associated with stenosis?

“stiff wall”

S3

which heart sound is associated with too much fluid?

“sloshing in”