🫀 BIO 25 Homework - Chapters 1, 3, 4, and 5

Cell

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n) ________.

Molecule

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Organ

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

Organ System

Organ

Organism

Organelle

Skeletal system

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Endocrine system

Cardiovascular system

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells

adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes

process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

stores energy for use by body cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

stores energy for use by body cells

is the result of catabolism

none of these are correct

releases energy in uncontrolled bursts

Oxygen

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.

Food

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Water

breaking down stored energy

C.J. is stuck in their car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Their body responds to the cold by ________.

breaking down stored energy

significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

increasing the blood to the hands and feet

becoming lethargic to conserve heat

a control center

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

a control center

sensors

effectors

a set point

sweat glands to increase their output

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.

breathing to become slow and shallow

sweat glands to increase their output

blood vessels in the skin to constrict

All of the above

childbirth

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

blood pressure regulation

childbirth

temperature regulation

regulation of fluid balance

Integral proteins

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.

Receptor proteins

Integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

Glycoproteins

down; concentration

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.

up; electrical

up; electrochemical

down; pressure

down; concentration

Active transport

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.

Endocytosis

Passive transport

Active transport

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis; pinocytosis

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.

Filtration; phagocytosis

Osmosis; pinocytosis

Solutes; fluid

Gradient; chemical energy

ribosomes

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?

Golgi apparatus

ribosomes

lysosomes

proteins

production of proteins

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?

production of proteins

detoxification of certain substances

synthesis of steroid hormones

regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

mitochondria

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

mitochondria

peroxisomes

lysosomes

ER

autocrine

Which type of signaling involves a cell responding to molecules it releases itself?

paracrine

autocrine

endocrine

neuronal

Cells releasing growth factors that act on nearby cells

Which of the following is an example of paracrine signaling?

Hormones released into the bloodstream acting on distant cells

Neurons transmitting signals across a synapse

Cells releasing growth factors that act on nearby cells

A cell responding to its own cytokine secretion

desmosome

Which type of cell junction provides strong adhesion between cells, anchoring their cytoskeletons together to maintain tissue integrity, especially in areas experiencing mechanical stress like the skin and heart muscle?

tight junction

gap junction

desmosome

plasmodesmata

36 ATP

What is the net yield of ATP following cellular respiration?

32 ATP

34 ATP

36 ATP

38 ATP

pyruvate

In the initial stage of cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is split into two ______.

glycogen

ATP

pyruvate

NADH

Embryonic

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

Muscle

Nervous

Embryonic

Epithelial

Columnar

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

Columnar

Stratified

Squamous

Transitional

Holocrine; apocrine

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

Holocrine; apocrine

Eccrine; Endocrine

Apocrine; holocrine

Eccrine; apocrine

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers

matrix, ground substance, and fluid

hyaline cartilage

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.

loose connective tissue

a tendon

bone

hyaline cartilage

adipose tissue

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

tendon

adipose tissue

reticular tissue

dense connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

areolar tissue

adipose tissue

dense regular connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

osteocytes

In bone, the main cells are ________.

fibroblasts

chondrocytes

lymphocytes

osteocytes

skeletal muscle only

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

skeletal muscle only

cardiac muscle only

smooth muscle only

skeletal and cardiac muscles

myoblasts

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

myoblasts

endoderm

fibrocytes

chondrocytes

nuclei

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

nuclei

striations

golgi bodies

mitochondria

neurons

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

neurons

oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

microglia

dendrite

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

dendrite

axon

microglia

collagen fiber

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?

transitional

stratified columnar

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

stratified squamous

simple squamous

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

columnar

pseudostratified

simple squamous

transitional

stratum basale

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

stratum spinosum

stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

stratum basale

connective tissue

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.

melanocytes

keratinocytes

connective tissue

adipose tissue

structure

Collagen lends ________ to the skin.

elasticity

structure

color

UV protection

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?

protects underlying organs

helps maintain body temperature

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

a site to long-term energy storage

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Eccrine sweat glands ________.

are present on hair

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

produce sebum

act as a moisturizer

are associated with hair follicles

Sebaceous glands ________.

are a type of sweat gland

are associated with hair follicles

may function in response to touch

release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

vitamin D synthesis

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________.

vitamin D synthesis

arteriole constriction

folate production

thermoregulation

papillary dermis

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?

stratum corneum

stratum basale

papillary dermis

stratum granulosum

epidermis and dermis

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is their skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that they have damaged which layers of skin?

epidermis only

hypodermis only

epidermis and hypodermis

epidermis and dermis

increased production of connective tissue

After a skin injury, the body initiates a woundhealing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?

increased production of melanin by melanocytes

increased production of connective tissue

an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound

an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?

basal cells of the stratum basale

melanocytes of the stratum basale

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

folic acid synthesis

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?

stratum lucidum

desmosomes

folic acid synthesis

Merkel cells

are responsible for goose bumps

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________.

are glands on the skin surface

can lead to excessive sweating

are responsible for goose bumps

secrete sebum

stratum corneum

Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?

stratum corneum

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum