Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders – Chapt 22

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering lung volumes, asthma phenotypes, COPD subtypes, pathophysiologic mechanisms, key diseases (asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis), and related clinical terminology from Chapter 22: Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal restful inspiration.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Volume of a single breath taken at rest, about 500 mL in adults.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal restful expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

Air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration; keeps alveoli inflated.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Maximum volume that can be ventilated in one breath; VC = IRV + TV + ERV.

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV₁)

Percentage of vital capacity expelled in the first second of forced exhalation; should be ≥75% in healthy lungs.

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

Group of diseases characterized by increased airway resistance, low expiratory flow rates, and high residual volume.

Intrinsic Asthma

Non-allergic, adult-onset asthma not triggered by IgE-mediated mechanisms.

Extrinsic (Allergic) Asthma

Pediatric-onset asthma mediated by IgE and triggered by specific antigens.

Early-Onset Asthma

Phenotype of asthma that begins in childhood and is often allergic.

Late-Onset Eosinophilic Asthma

Asthma beginning in adulthood with prominent eosinophilic airway inflammation.

Exercise-Induced Asthma

Asthma attacks triggered by physical exertion.

Obesity-Related Asthma

Asthma phenotype associated with excess body weight and mechanical/ inflammatory factors.

Neutrophilic Asthma

Asthma variant characterized by airway neutrophilia and often poor response to steroids.

Status Asthmaticus

Severe, life-threatening asthma attack unresponsive to typical inhaled bronchodilators.

Airway Remodeling

Permanent structural changes in airway walls (thickening, more mucus glands) that occur with poorly controlled asthma.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Maximum speed of expiration; values <80 L/min indicate severe asthma attack.

Acute Bronchitis

Acute inflammation of trachea and bronchi, usually viral, producing transient cough and sputum.

Chronic Bronchitis

Type B COPD with productive cough ≥3 months/year for ≥2 consecutive years, mucus hypersecretion, and airway obstruction.

Emphysema

Destructive enlargement of distal air sacs and loss of alveolar walls leading to air trapping and hyperinflation; Type A COPD.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Umbrella term for emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and non-reversible chronic asthma.

Type A COPD (Pink Puffer)

Emphysema-dominant COPD with dyspnea, thin body habitus, and near-normal blood gases early on.

Type B COPD (Blue Bloater)

Chronic bronchitis-dominant COPD with productive cough, overweight, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and edema.

α1 Antitrypsin

Protease inhibitor that protects alveolar tissue; deficiency leads to early-onset emphysema.

Centriacinar Emphysema

Destruction centered on respiratory bronchioles, often smoking-related.

Panacinar Emphysema

Uniform destruction of entire acinus; associated with α1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Paraseptal Emphysema

Destruction near pleura and septa; associated with spontaneous pneumothorax.

Cor Pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure resulting from chronic pulmonary hypertension, common in chronic bronchitis.

Barrel Chest

Increased anteroposterior chest diameter due to lung hyperinflation and high residual volume.

Polycythemia

Elevated red blood cell count; compensatory response to chronic hypoxemia in COPD.

Radial Traction

Outward pull of surrounding lung tissue that keeps small airways open; lost in emphysema causing airway collapse.

Air Trapping

Inability to fully exhale air, leading to increased residual volume and hyperinflation.

Bronchiectasis

Irreversible dilation of bronchi due to chronic infection and inflammation; produces copious foul-smelling sputum.

Suppurative Disorder

Disease characterized by pus-forming infections, as seen in bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis.

Bronchiolitis

Widespread inflammation of bronchioles, commonly viral in children; causes wheezing and crackles.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Autosomal-recessive disorder caused by CFTR mutations, leading to thick secretions in lungs and other organs.

CFTR Gene

Gene encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; mutations disrupt chloride and water transport.

Pilocarpine Iontophoresis (Sweat Test)

Diagnostic test for CF measuring elevated chloride in sweat.

Dornase Alfa

Recombinant human DNase used to thin airway secretions in cystic fibrosis.

Postural Drainage

Positioning technique that uses gravity to help clear bronchial secretions.

Chest Physiotherapy

Combination of percussion, vibration, and drainage to mobilize pulmonary secretions.

Acute Tracheobronchial Obstruction

Sudden blockage of trachea or bronchus by foreign body, swelling, or other causes; may be fatal without prompt airway clearance.

Epiglottitis

Rapidly progressive bacterial cellulitis of the epiglottis causing severe airway obstruction; prevented by Hib vaccine.

“Sniffing Dog” Position

Tripod stance with head extended seen in children trying to maintain airway in epiglottitis.

Croup Syndrome

Group of acute viral laryngotracheal infections in children producing barking cough and stridor.

Mast Cell Activation

Release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells during allergic asthma.

IgE Antibodies

Immunoglobulin class that mediates allergic reactions by binding allergens and activating mast cells.

Allergic Rhinitis

IgE-mediated inflammation of nasal mucosa; often co-exists with allergic asthma.

Denudation of Airway Epithelium

Loss of surface epithelial cells seen in asthma airway pathology.

Collagen Deposition

Fibrous tissue accumulation beneath the basement membrane contributing to airway wall thickening in asthma.

Mucosal Edema

Swelling of airway lining due to inflammation, contributing to airflow obstruction.

Mucus Plug

Thickened mucus that blocks airways during asthma or chronic bronchitis exacerbations.

Radial Traction Loss

Decrease in outward support of small airways due to alveolar wall destruction in emphysema, leading to collapse.

Hyperinflation

Over-distension of lungs from trapped air, characteristic of emphysema.

Exercise Intolerance

Reduced capacity for physical activity due to pulmonary limitation, common in COPD and CF.

Digital Clubbing

Bulbous enlargement of fingertips linked to chronic hypoxia, seen in emphysema, bronchiectasis, and CF.