urban world

case study : Liverpool, Lagos, Eddington

what does HIC mean

High Income Country

examples of HIC

UK, Australia, Canada

What does NEEs stand for?

newly emerged economies

examples of NEEs

China, India, Russia

what is LMIC

lower middle income county

examples of LMIC

Bangledash, Nigeria

what is UMIC

upper middle income country

example of UMIC

china, Brazil, Indonesia

What is LIC

Low income country

examples of LIC

chad, Uganda, DRC (democratic republic of congo)

define urbinisation

the process by which an increasing % of people live in towns and cities are growing

why are cities growing

Rural-urban migration, natural increase, and better healthcare

Explain Rual-urban migration

when people from countrysides move to towns/cities due to push (unemployment) and pull (new factory being built) factors

explain natural increase

when birthrate is higher than death rate - more babies being born than people dying

explain how better health care help cities grow

in cities they have more clean water, better jobs, better healthcare

what is considered a megacity

more/equal to 10M

most mega cities are in at...

india and china

define population density

how many people live in an area of 1km² squared

how does cities usually grow and what is it called

outwards into the countryside, this is called urban sprawl

define densely populated

lots of people e.g London

define sparesly populated

few people in 1km² e.g Scotland

describe the location of liverpool

• a city in the NW of England

• On the north bank of the river Mersey, close to the Irish sea

• North of Liverpool is Lancashire

which country had the biggest port during the industrial revolution

Liverpool

what is Liverpool well known for (internationally)

• Liverpool football

• The Beatles

• History (Role in world trade - port, industrial revolution)

• Culture - hosted Eurovsion (2023), Europe’s capital of culture in 2008

list some bad factors about Liverpool

• poverty - crime/drugs/knife/gang

• high level of poverty

• low healthcare

• low educational outcomes

cycle of urban decline

• big changes

  containerisation

  rise of EU trade

  T.U activity - strikes, higher wages

  bigger ships

⬇

docks decline

⬇

• factories shut down - direlict buildings - turn to crime - less investments from business

• unemployment of dock workers

  ⬇

• less spending money

• ppl leaving liverpool - more direlict buildings

• population ⬇

• aspiration ⬇

• education ⬇ - less investments from business

define derelict

when parts of the city falls into decline with empty factories/ houses - common after deindustrialisation

since 1981, 2 main changes in Liverpool:

investments (££) ➡ regeneration, re-invention of city as a “visiter destination”

list 5 things that changed Liverpool’s image

• Albert docks/Tate Liverpool new gallery - requested by minister of merseyside

• Liverpool 1 - Big shopping centre, costed £1B

• echo arena - Big concert/ sport venue nu attracted 7M people (hosted eurovision)

• Baltic triangle - was a derelict factory, now turned into offices/workshops

• Liverpool 2 - shipping area, provides 500 jobs and 4,500 connected business (north of docks 5 miles down river mersey)

examples of urban greening in Liverpool

• chavasse park - apart of Liverpool 1 ( the big shopping mall)

• stanley park - between Liverpool FC (football club) and Everton - major investments in making it beautiful e.g lighting, tree planting

what are some intergrated transport system in Liverpool

• `Mersyrail - light urban railway connecting Liverpool with other local opportunities

• Bus networks connected to Mersyrail

• Liverpool south parkway is an interchange station - connect with airport

what’s Liverpool’s response to waste management

1) introduce recycling - mixed recyclables + green waste + general waste + optional composting bin

2) Two large recycling centres

3) 35% of household waste recycle (low) Cambridge < 60%

4) 70% of household waste at recycling centres and recycled

5) less waste going to landfill and Liverpool has an ‘Energy from waste Plant’ (incinerator)

how can recycling rates vary

• education

• people’s attitudes

what is the Anfield regeneration project

• a new school was opened as part of the project (social)

• cost £260m (social)

• The Anfield sports and community centre was improved, and they have opened a new health centre (social)

• A £10m hotel is being planed in the area which will create dozens of jobs in the retail sector (economic)

• Anfield was extended to hold 54,000 and access has been improved by demolishing 240 sub-standard houses (economic)

• In Stanley park, they planted lots of trees and cleared rubbish and waste from the area (environmental)

• the project set aside £r.5m for environmental features like tree-lined pavements and pedestrianised areas (environmental)

why is Nigeria Important

• Biggest economy in west Africa

• population of 200m (biggest in Africa)

• oil/gas over 90% of trade revenue

• Nollywood (Lagos), biggest film industry in Africa

• Centre for tech industry in west Africa (Lagos)

why is Lagos important regionally

Regionally

• +1,000 people migrate per day from surrounding countryside to live in Lagos, more travel in to trade

• Centre for trade with ppl from surrounding towns/ villages

• lot’s of services e.g hospitals/ rubbish collection/ emergency services - help to support surrounding area

why has Lagos grown so rapidly

Push factors

• life in rural areas is harsh

• conflicts

• climate change - droughts

Pull factors

• more factories, seaports, oil refineries → more jobs

• booming music scene → internationally known DJ/ music artist → attract young ppl → more rural-urban migration

what are some environmental opportunities in Lagos

• target to plant 10m trees by 2020

• clean up Lagos waterfront - collecting plastic waste

• Encourage solar energy

• new park on Lagos Island - freedom park

how many people live in Makoko

90,000

how bad is congestion near Makoko Lagos

VERY BAD!! congestion costs £2.4B (£2,368,000,000)

what’re some facts about Makoko

• population of 90,000

• old fishing village

• lack of services e.g school, sanitation

• Lagoon pulluted

• Health centres e.g maternity services → infant mortality ⬇ (less baby die)

what’re some facts about Otodo Gbame

• old fishing village (ancestral)

• demolished in 2017

• 4,700 ppl left with no homes and jobs after demolish

• shows risk of not having ‘legal title’

how is Lagos going to improve congestion

by building a light rail

what’re some facts about the Lagos light rail

• starts at Marina

• There’s 2 different lines: The blue line goes north (27km), The red line goes west (37km)

• trains are electric → less pollution → less noise → less CO2

• aim for 1m passengers per day

• Construction took 14/15 years (was suppose to take 2 years, 2009 ~ 2011) started from 2009 ~ 2023/24

• paid by Lagos state

why is Lagos important nationally

• provides a third of Nigeria’s GDP

• lot’s of TNC e.g shell

• location of national stadium and naval headquarters

• the financial services centre for Nigeria

• hosts the central bank

• lot’s of cultural diversity

why is Lagos important internationally

• International port and airport

• 5th largest economy in Africa

• Technology centre - Microsoft, IBM (TNC)

• Headquarters for Nigerian oil industry

what’re some facts about Eddington

• located at the west edge of Cambridge

• build on greenfield (university land)

• it’s a new town/ neighbourhood

• phase 1 = 1,800 homes

• half of the homes are for university workers

• houses built with cement → concrete → CO2 emissions

how is Eddington sustainable in water and energy conservation

• houses are well insulated

• photo-voltaic roof tiles (solar panels)

• district heating networks - gas powered → less production of boilers

• grey water supply → water from rain go straight to lake ( use less treated water) → pump into homes for e.g washing machine/ toilet

how is Eddington sustainable in waste recycling

• underground chutes which is replaced with traditional bins

• will alert when bin is full

• less CO2 emissions from driving trash truck everyday → save energy

• reduce transport cost

how is Eddington sustainable in social and community

• the schools build homes for birds e.g swifts, bats

• planted +2000 TREES

• built a new primary school → reduce use of cars

• local bakery/ café

• community centre

how is Eddington sustainable in transport

• U bus → electrically powered, travels from Eddington to Biomedical centre

• cycle paths → new/ good cycle way

• limited parking → encourage people to use public transport and walk