Introduction to Pathophysiology-Edapt-Unit 1-Chamberlain University

Which are better steps to health?

1. Be a nonsmoker and avoid 2nd hand smoke
2. Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables and fruits daily, high-fiber and low-fat diet, limit alcohol
3. Regular physical activity
4. Sun protection
5. Follow cancer screening guidelines
6. Visit MD or dentist if you notice any change in health
7. Follow home and occupational health and safety instructions when disposing of hazardous materials

For each listed item below, click to specify if it is a body system or pathophysiological process.

Body system:
- neurological
- hematological
Pathophysiological process:
- immunity
- oxygenation
- tissue integrity

What benefits are gained by asking questions when someone has clinical manifestations of altered homeostasis? Select all that apply.​

- assumptions are challenged
- evidence is located
- data is collected
- insight is provided

The process to determine which ______ matter most uses knowledge from _____
and an understanding of normal human _____ and development, the ability to ask relevant _____, and an attitude that _____ finding the source of the person's problem.

- cues
- pathophysiology
- anatomy and physiology
- questions
- values

The basic ____ processes that cause altered health are the ____. How the original ____ differ is often related to the body ____ involved. ​

- pathophysiological
- the same
- signs & symptoms
- system

Based on which factors are the number and types of tests needed to confirm an alteration in health chosen? Select all that apply

condition of the person seeking care, making the ability to recognize and understand cues important. In addition, the suspected pathophysiologic process may determine which tests are needed.​

Based on Jeb's information, which steps can he take to get back to the level of health he had before he fell? Select all that apply.

- perform the recommended exercises
- use crutches when walking
- lose weight

Based on Jeb's information, which steps can he take to get back to the level of health he had before he fell? Select all that apply.

- perform the recommended exercises
- use crutches when walking
- lose weight

What questions should be asked to learn more about what is going on with their health? Select all that apply.​

- "How long have you been feeling this way?"​
- "Are you having trouble breathing?"​
- "Have you been around someone who is sick recently?"
- "Is it your allergies?"

Based on the cues, which specific body system is involved in the relative's illness? Select all that apply.​

Pulmonary

Based on the body systems involved and the suspected pathophysiological changes, which type of tests can be used to confirm what is happening? Select all that apply.​

- imaging
- laboratory analysis

What steps can the relative take to avoid infections in the future? Select all that apply.​

- eat a well-balanced diet
- get recommended vaccines
- wash hands frequently

From the cues available, select those items that provide information about this person's alteration in health.​

- stepped on a rusty nail
- painful
- oozing a thick, yellow drainage

A young adult stepped on a rusty nail last evening. After removing the nail and cleaning the wound, they applied a bandage and went to sleep. This morning the skin around the bandage is red, warm, painful, and oozing a thick, yellow drainage.​

Based on the cues, which specific body system is most directly involved?

Musculoskeletal

A young adult stepped on a rusty nail last evening. After removing the nail and cleaning the wound, they applied a bandage and went to sleep. This morning the skin around the bandage is red, warm, painful, and oozing a thick, yellow drainage.​
Based on the body systems involved and the suspected pathophysiological changes, which type(s) of tests can be used to confirm what is happening? Select all that apply.​

- laboratory analysis of oozing drainage

A young adult stepped on a rusty nail last evening. After removing the nail and cleaning the wound, they applied a bandage and went to sleep. This morning the skin around the bandage is red, warm, painful, and oozing a thick, yellow drainage.​
What steps can the individual take to promote recovery from this illness? Select all that apply.​

- exercise as tolerated
- wash hands frequently
- eat a well-balanced diet

What is the main purpose of the Human Genome Project?

Map the nucleotide sequence and identify the genes on each human chromosome.

Sickle cell anemia is which type of disorder?​

Autosomal recessive disorder

Individuals who express which genetic feature, female or male, are more likely to experience X-linked diseases?​

Males

In which ways are genomics transforming the world? Select all that apply.​

-DNA sequencing
- cancer genomics
- agriculture
- enhanced forensics

Match the condition to the genetic abnormality.​

Multifactorial - Club foot
Autosomal-recessive - Cystic fibrosis
Chromosomal - Turner syndrome
X-linked recessive - Color blindness

Cleft lip and palate and congenital heart defects are examples of what type of disorder?

multifactorial

Which individual(s) could benefit from genetic testing? Select all that apply.​

- someone of childbearing age with an immediate family member with sickle cell disease
- a newborn at 2 days of age
- a male wondering if he fathered a child
- a young adult searching for their biological parents

Based on the parental genetic information in the Punnett square, use the drop-down menu to indicate what color the child's eyes will be in each of the numbered cells.​

Brown, Brown,
Brown, Blue

While studying for a genetics test, a student asks a peer how genes influence the expression of genes. What is the peer's best response?​

Used as a blueprint to assemble protein for which it codes​

Which type of gene is carried on the X and Y chromosomes?​

Sex-linked

Which genetic expression is linked to just one gene?​

Cystic fibrosis

Which genetic expression is linked to just one gene?

Cystic fibrosis

Characteristics of X-linked recessive disorders include which of the following?​

The son of a carrier mother has a 50% chance of having the disorder

Trisomy 21 is better known as which disorder?

Down syndrome

Genes for which disorders are coded on the Y chromosome?​

Testis development

Type A blood is dominant to type O blood (recessive). In which condition is it possible for a man and a woman, each with type A blood, to have a child that is type O?​

Both the man and woman are AO

A geneticist examines the variations in genomes to identify which health-related information? Select all that apply.​

-how likely it is that a child will be born with a hereditary condition
- if someone will develop a condition
- which people are more susceptible to a condition

Down syndrome is an example of which type of genetic disorder?​

- chromosomal

Which woman is at highest risk of conceiving a child with Down syndrome?​

- 43 yo undergoing artificial insemination

For each Down syndrome fact, click to specify if the fact is true about Trisomy 21, translocation, or mosaic Down syndrome.​ Some facts may apply to more than one type.

Genetic alteration in all cells:
- Trisomy 21 and translocation
Occurs in 95% of those living with DS:
- Trisomy 21
Fewer characteristics of DS:
- mosaic
Extra chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome:
- translocation
Varied mental and physical abilities:
Trisomy 21, translocation, mosaic

Place the sources of the genetic alteration that causes Down syndrome in order, starting with the one found in most people living with Down syndrome.​

- Biological mother's ovum (egg)
- Biological father's sperm​
- After fertilization

Place the tests used to screen and diagnose Down syndrome in the correct category.​

Screening:
- Nuchal translucency (NT)
- Alpha fetal protein (AFP)
Diagnostic:
- Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- Amniocentesis

Match the word or phrase describing common physical characteristics of Down syndrome to the affected location on the body.

1. Short broad hands

2. Narrow ear canals

3.Slanted eyes

Individuals living with Down syndrome have a ____chance of developing ____disease after 40 years of age

- higher
- Alzheimer's

Select the words or phrases that indicate the infant may have a chromosomal disorder​.

- woman in her early 40's
- flat nose
- wide nose bridge
- flat face
- simian creases

A woman in her early 40s (forties) gave birth to an infant with a flat nose, wide nose bridge, bright blue eyes, a flat face, and simian creases on their hands. Mother and infant are both doing well. ​Which genetic condition is most likely present in the newborn infant?​

Trisomy 21

A woman in her early 40s (forties) gave birth to an infant with a flat nose, wide nose bridge, bright blue eyes, a flat face, and simian creases on their hands. Mother and infant are both doing well. ​Which type of Down syndrome is this infant most likely to have?​

Three complete copies of the 21st chromosome in every cell

A woman in her early 40s (forties) gave birth to an infant with a flat nose, wide nose bridge, bright blue eyes, a flat face, and simian creases on their hands. Mother and infant are both doing well. ​Which risk factor puts the child at highest risk for Down syndrome?

Born to a mother in their 40s​

Children born with Down syndrome are at high risk for which other health problems during their lifetime? Select all that apply.​

- Hearing loss​
- Sleep apnea​
- Immune deficiency​
- Leukemia

A school-aged child living with Down syndrome may receive which types of support to remain in a regular classroom? Select all that apply.​.​

- Speech therapy​
- Occupational therapy​
- Physical therapy​

The safest ways to diagnose an unborn child having a major genetic defect, such as Down syndrome, are by testing cells from which two locations?

- Cells in the amniotic fluid​
- Placenta​

Because the extra copy of chromosome 21 produces amyloid precursor protein (APP), individuals living with Down syndrome have a high incidence of the early onset of which disease?​

Alzheimer's disease

The human genome is contained in which portion of the cell?​

Nucleaus

Which facts about a person indicate they are at risk of altered cellular regulation? Select all that apply.​

- Genetic mutations​
- Poor nutritional intake​
- Older adult​
- Exposure to nuclear material​
- Tobacco use​

_____occurs when a cell, tissue, or organ lacks ____ due to decreased ____.

- Ischemia
- oxygen
- blood flow

____changes in a cell's DNA can result in permanent ____such as ____ or ____of the cell.​

- irreversible
- damage
- cancer
- death

Match the cellular adaptation to the example provided.​

Hypertrophy - occurs in the heart due to long-term high blood pressure​
Dysplasia - Immature, undifferentiated cells that are often pre-cancerous​
Atrophy - occurs in muscles that have been immobile for a long time
Hyperplasia - Large muscles resulting from weight-bearing exercise
Anaplasia - seen in the biopsy of a rapidly growing, aggressive tumor​

____ is considered a/an ____ method of cell death, whereas ____ is an active process resulting from ____ cell death.​

- necrosis
- passive
- apoptosis
- programmed

Which intracellular functions are negatively impacted by cellular hypoxia? Select all that apply.​

- pH
- energy production
- cell membrane
- sodium-potassium pump

A caregiver who takes their children to receive immunizations before starting school is practicing which type of prevention?​

Primary

What is the most likely type of cellular adaptation in the client's heart muscle? ​

Hypertrophy

Which factor most likely contributed to the cellular alteration?​

Blood pressure

Which method will most accurately diagnose cellular adaptation, such as hypertrophy?​

Microscopy

Which level of prevention could have identified the main cause of this client’s altered cellular regulation so changes could be made to maintain health?​

Secondary

A young adult who wants to prevent cellular changes that cause disease should make which changes in their lifestyle choices? Select all that apply.​

- eat more fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Stay current with immunizations.
- Exercise regularly​

A woman who is planning to become pregnant is taking folic acid to support healthy neurologic development of the fetus once she becomes pregnant. Which level of prevention is she practicing?​

Primary

A person with cardiac disease who eats healthy food, takes medications as prescribed, and attends cardiac rehabilitation is practicing which level of prevention?

Tertiary

Match the type of cellular injury to the definition

Ischemia - decreased oxygen reaching the cells, tissues, or organs
Thermal - damage from heat or cold​
Chemical - exogenous (environmental) or endogenous (in the body) toxins may alter cell membrane permeability or the production of free radicals​
Abnormal metabolites - accumulation of toxic compounds inside the cells leading to destruction​

During the stress response, glucose levels in the body ____ due to the release of ____.

- increase
- cortisol

Using the drop-down menu, indicate if the stressor is physical or psychological.​

Pain - physical
Surgical procedure - physical
Ending a friendship - psychological
Taking a test - psychological
Extreme cold - physical
Financial trouble - psychological

Using the drop-down menu, indicate if the stressor is physical or psychological.​

Pain - physical
Surgical procedure - physical
Ending a friendship - psychological
Taking a test - psychological
Extreme cold - physical
Financial trouble - psychological

What nonphysical stressors can result in physiologic responses? Select all that apply.

- Change in friends
- Job hunting
- Taking exams
- Surgery
- Financial problems

During the initial stress response, ____and ____ increase the reabsorption of water and sodium to ____ blood pressure and ____blood volume.​

- ADH
- aldosterone
- increase
- increase

From the drop-down menu, select the hormone released during the stress response to match the significant action.

- Norepinephrine = pallor and nausea
- Epinephrine = Increased heart rate and force of contraction
- Glucocorticoids = Decreased anti-inflammatory response and depressed immune response

Rearrange the body systems below to match the complications presented for that system.

Diabetes II - endocrine
Heartburn - GI
Increased pulse - cardiovascular
Infertility - reproductive
Panting - respiratory
Tension headaches - musculoskeletal

Which coping mechanisms are healthy options for dealing with stress? Select all that apply.

- Antianxiety medications
- Art or music therapy
- Counseling services
- Relaxation techniques

What facts indicate this student is in the third stage of stress response, exhaustion? Select all that apply.​

- Difficulty sleeping​
- Cannot concentrate

The student is at increased risk for ____, ____, and ____ if the stress continues.

- depression
- fatigue
- headaches

Which stressors are most likely contributing to the student's stress? Select all that apply.​

- Persistent cold​
- Lack of exercise​
- Living away from family
- Poor test scores​

Which behavior is not an effective way to cope with stress?​

social withdrawal

An individual in the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) may experience which physiological response?​

Headaches, upset stomach, and hypertension

A person who is dealing with unexpected stress is interested in taking measures to cope more effectively. Which initial change is best for this person to make?​

Adapt relaxation techniques

A caregiver of sick triplets is taking the children to a relative’s house for care before the caregiver goes to work. On the drive over, the car stops running and it begins to rain. What is the best way for the caregiver to cope with these stressors right now?​

Maintain control of their response​

Which factors impact the body's ability to maintain a normal temperature? Select all that apply.​

- Extreme heat
- Homelessness
- Age
- Exposure to cold

Using the drop-down menus, match the links needed to complete the chain of infection.​

1. Agent
2. Host
3. Environment

Which items are part of the environment in which we live? Select all that apply.​

- The foods we eat​
- The roads on which we drive​
- The clothes we wear​
- The places we live​
- The air we breathe​

Environmental hazards cause alterations in health by damaging ____ cells. Over time or with repeated exposure to the hazard, enough cells are damaged to decrease the effective function of ____and body systems. If the hazard is not ____, pathophysiologic changes in the body can lead to death.

-individual
- organs
- removed

What symptoms are associated with heat stroke? Select all that apply.​

Dizziness, weak rapid pulse, and clammy hands

Which factors contribute to the adverse effects after a chemical exposure? Select all that apply.​

- How often the person was exposed
- Type of chemical​
- Level of exposure​
- Age of person exposed​

Which factors contribute to the adverse effects after a chemical exposure? Select all that apply.​

-Newborn​s
- Individuals experiencing homelessness​
- People who work outdoors​

A neighbor's spouse was stranded on a highway in a severe winter storm for several hours. Which finding indicates they may have hypothermia?

stupor

Select all the signs and symptoms that indicate the player was experiencing hyperthermia before they collapsed.​

- shirt is saturated with sweat
- soaked two small towels
- muscle spasms
- feeling nauseated

The findings indicate that the player collapsed due to which condition?​

Heat stroke

What information about the environment and the player places them at risk of heat stroke? Select all that apply.​

- Taking medication for hypertension​
- Length of the game​​
- Excessive sweating​

What steps should be taken to cool the player and prevent complications of heat stroke?​ Select that all apply.

- Offer fluids if able to drink​
- Place cold compresses on exposed skin​
- Call emergency services​

For each chemical agent, drag and drop to indicate if the agent is a chemical toxin or chemical air pollutant.

Toxin:
- asbestos
- mercury
- solvents
Air pollutant:
- particulate matter
- ozone
- carbon monoxide

The nurse is assessing a client who fell into a cold lake. Which assessment finding indicates that the​ client's body is attempting to warm itself? Select all that​ apply.​

- shivering
- cold hands

For each environmental prevention activity, select to specify if the activity is primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention.​

Primary:
- Educate individuals to reduce environmental hazards
- Support programs for waste reduction and recycling
Secondary:
- Monitor workers for levels of chemical exposures at job sites
- Survey for health conditions that can be related to environmental and occupational exposures
Tertiary:
- Refer homeowners to lead abatement resources
- Educate clients who have asthma about environmental triggers.

Which items are considered biological hazards? Select all that apply.​

- Parasites​
- Bacteria​
- Dust​
- Molds​
- Pollen​

Which items threaten the health of cells? Select all that apply.​

- pollution
- lack of nutrients
- lack of oxygen
- genetic variations
- traumatic injury

Cellular adaptation refers to the ____ mechanism allowing cells to
____ down in response to ____l and external ____threats. ​

- protective
- change
- internal
- environmental

Early signs and symptoms of lung cancer include persistent cough, bloody sputum, wheezing, and which additional symptom?​

fatigue

The TNM system assesses the ____ size, spread to lymph ____, and ____ to stage malignant tumors.

- tumor
- nodes
- metastasis

Why is a mammogram the most useful method of diagnosing breast cancer?​

It is the most reliable method of detecting breast cancer before it becomes palpable