Philosophy

What is an argument in critical thinking?

A group of statements where some (premises) support another (conclusion).

What is a premise?

A reason or evidence offered in support of the conclusion.

What is a conclusion?

The main claim being supported in an argument.

Name some premise indicators.

Because, since, given that, for, assuming that.

Name some conclusion indicators.

Therefore, thus, so, hence, it follows that.

What is a deductive argument?

An argument that claims the conclusion follows with certainty.

What is an inductive argument?

An argument that claims the conclusion follows with probability.

What is the Modus Ponens form?

If A, then B. A. Therefore, B.

What is the Disjunctive Syllogism form?

A or B. Not A. Therefore, B.

What is the Genetic Fallacy?

Dismissing a claim based on its origin.

What does Ad Hominem fallacy imply?

Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.

What is the Appeal to Popularity fallacy?

Claiming something is true because everyone believes it.

What is begging the question?

Circular reasoning where the conclusion is included in the premise.

What is a False Dilemma?

Presenting only two options when more exist.

What are categorical statements?

Statements that relate two categories, such as All A are B.

What does Standard Form 'A' represent?

All S are P (Universal Affirmative).

What is a Venn Diagram used for in categorical logic?

To test the validity of categorical syllogisms.

How many premises and conclusion does a syllogism have?

A syllogism consists of 2 premises and 1 conclusion.

What are the forms of arguments in logic?

The main forms of arguments are deductive and inductive. Deductive arguments assert that the conclusion follows with certainty, while inductive arguments assert that the conclusion follows with probability.

What do 'All S are P' forms represent?

The 'All S are P' forms represent categorical statements in standard form, with different variations including 'All S are P' (Universal Affirmative), 'No S are P' (Universal Negative), 'Some S are P' (Particular Affirmative), and 'Some S are not P' (Particular Negative).

What is Standard Form 'E'?

No S are P (Universal Negative).

What is Standard Form 'I'?

Some S are P (Particular Affirmative).

What is Standard Form 'O'?

Some S are not P (Particular Negative).